Defining Rural Tourism And Farm Tourism Tourism Essay

Defining Rural Tourism And Farm Tourism Tourism Essay India is sitting on the blitzkrieg of becoming a super power and it is the Indian rural sector that is going to drive that super growth. The Government of India has made rural economic development in general, and rural infrastructure development in particular, is a key priority. India has launched the Bharat Nirman (Building India) program, which entails investing over US $ 40 Billion, equivalent to 5 per cent of FY2005 GDP, in six critical areas of rural infrastructure over four years starting from 2005. A part of this project aims at improving the tourism and recreation in these areas. Jafari and Ritchie (1981) defined tourism as an interdisciplinary study which integrates a variety of subjects, disciplines and focuses and can be seen from numerous points of views and approaches. The tourism as a central study can be studied from many focuses and created into a new form tourism development model as pictured below. (3) A consequential element resulted from the two preceding elements which is concerned with effects on the economic, physical and social subsystems. Some external variables such as rising earnings, mobility increase, level of education increase, and desire to escape from pressure of day-to-day urban living generate effective demands on tourism which stimulate the rise of various forms of tourisms such as recreational tourism, cultural tourism, health tourism, conference tourism, historical tourism, eco tourism, etcetera (Wall and Mathieson, 1982). Defining rural: Definitions of rural vary both in scale and philosophy. They tend to express cultural differences between and functional requirements within, regions and countries, the varying parameters of which supranational overviews have attempted to grapple. While national governments use specific criteria to define rural often based on the population density of settlements there is no universal agreement on the critical population threshold which distinguishes between urban and rural populations (Boedewes, 1981). OECD defines rural area as At a local level a population density of 150 persons per square kilometre is the preferred criterion. At the regional level, geographic units are grouped by the share of their population that is rural into the following three types: predominantly rural (50%), significantly rural (15-50%) and urbanized rural (15%) (OECD, 1994). According to National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) rural areas in India are defined as those areas which have a population density Defining rural tourism and farm tourism: A variety of terms are employed to describe tourism activity in rural areas: agritourism, farm tourism, rural tourism, soft tourism and several others which have often been used interchangeably. The term agri/farm tourism often used to describe all tourism activities in rural areas more frequently related to tourism products which are directly connected with the agrarian environment, agrarian products or agrarian stays: staying on a farm or near the fields, educational visits, meals, recreational activities and such ( Sharpley and Sharpley, 1997). Agrotourism is businesses conducted by farmers whose working agricultural operations for the enjoyment and education of visitors. In extensions meaning, agrotourism presents the potential generating farm revenues and increasing profitability. Additionally, visitors of agrotourism contact directly with farmers and support the increase of agriculture products indirectly (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005). Farm tourism is largely considered as a subset of rural tourism and is quite often based on an active working farm and farmer (Nilsson, 2002). Clarke (1996) elaborates that in farm tourism, the core essence of farming, its scenic beauty, accommodation and activities such as farming, riding a tractor, picking produce are preserved and involves tremendous experience in its activities. Activities on farm offer experience and opportunities to learn about the rural life and agriculture technique of the country, to understand and experience the preserved tradition, calmness, peace, clean fresh environment, contact with animals and traditional farm meals (Nilsson, 2002 and Fleischer and Tchetchik, 2005). Key elements of pure farm tourism (Lane 1994): Located in rural areas Functionally rural: built upon rural worlds special features of small scale enterprise, open space, contact with nature and the natural world, heritage, traditional societies and traditional practices Provides personalized contact Rural in scale-both in terms of buildings and settlements and therefore usually small scale Traditional in character, growing slowly and organically and connected with local families. It will often to be largely controlled and developed for the long term good of the area Of many different kinds, representing the complex patterns of rural environment, economy, history and location. A high percentage of tourism revenue benefiting the rural community. Tourism versus Farm Tourism: According to Shaw and Williams (2004), there have been various definitional issues regarding what tourism is. They indicate that a broad outlook of tourism allows for the identification of tourism between countries and also tourism within a country. Vanhove (2005) sees tourism is seen as any activity related to momentary movement of people to a place outside their normal places of residence and employment, and the activities they engage in during the stay. Farm tourism began in earnest after World War II, although its beginning is rooted in the concept of social tourism that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s (Pearce, 1990). Farm tourism as used by Roberts and Hall (2001) refers to stays in rural homesteads where farming is practiced either full-time or part-time. Farm tourism is often used interchangeably with agritourism (Oppermann, 1997). Farm tourism is a sub-division of agritourism. It involves activities carried out on working farms where the working environment forms part of the product from the perception of the consumer (Roberts and Hall, 2001). Farm tourism involves engaging the farm more than the primary production of food, fibre and raw materials. It may sometimes involve activities off the farm in addition to accommodation on the farm (Roberts and Hall, 2001). A number of studies on farm tourism consider it as an economic alternative for farmers who are facing decreased profits and difficulties generated by the agricultural crisis and restructuring. The opportunity to engage in activities that are negatively correlated with farming and the prospect of increasing farm income by spreading costs is probably the greatest advantage of incorporating tourism into the farm business. Because of the problems in agriculture, diversification has been viewed as a means of survival for farm business, with tourism thought to be an attractive and feasible option open to farmers (Glenn et al. 1997). There has been a discussion on the livelihood assets of farm households in the context of human (i.e. skills and knowledge), economic (i.e. land, capital and labour), environmental (i.e. landscape features, clean air and water), social (i.e. networks and social interaction), cultural (i.e. include history, tradition, folklore and cultural heritage) and political (i.e. decision making power and influence on policies) that are available for and that can be exploited in the diversification process. In essence, when farmers utilize the potential opportunity for farm tourism and diversify, they shield themselves against the constraints of the cost-price squeeze and income decline (Barlett, 1993). Significance of farm tourism: Various estimates suggest that tourism in rural areas make up 10-20% of all tourism activity. Lane (1994) survey pointed out that there is absence of any systematic source of data on rural tourism, since neither the World Tourism Organization(WTO) nor the Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has appropriate measures. Several constraints on accurate and comparatively meaningful data relating to rural tourism and recreation therefore persist: Differences in national definition and enumeration: one country may include only farm and nature tourism, while another will consider many economic activities outside of urban areas to be a part of rural tourism; Many rural tourists and recreationalists are excursionists (day visitors) rather than those who make overnight stays (the extend of whom can to be some extent be measured in terms of bed-nights) Rural tourisms very diversity and fragmentation whereby tens of thousands of enterprises and public initiatives are active across the world. Rural environments have a long history of being managed for recreation purposes and this symbiotic relationship has had important impacts on both environment and activity. Farm tourism is one area under rural tourism, which is a sub-division of rural tourism that can help generate income and employment (Novelli and Robinson, 2005 and Sharpley and Sharpley, 1997). Hence, farm tourism is becoming widely seen as a means to tackle the socio economic problem of rural and agricultural sector (Sharpley and Vas, 2005). As farm tourism has the potential to offer experiential service to tourist, understanding this experience proves beneficial to improve service (McIntosh and Bonnemann, 2006), also as farm tourism takes places in rural setting offering traditional service; understanding tourist motivation seems important. Range of tourism and recreation activities in rural areas ( Thibal 1988) modified Touring Hiking Cycling Nature parks Bird watching Rural heritage studies Local industrial, agricultural or craft enterprises Courses in crafts Artistic expression workshops Folk groups Cultural, gastronomic and other routes Water related activities Fishing Swimming Boating Hallmark events Rural sporting events (eg, Jallikatu sport in Tamil nadu) Agricultural shows Business related Small scale conventions Incentive tourism short brakes Passive activities Relaxing holidays in a rural milieu Nature study in outdoor settings Photography Landscape appreciation Embacher (1994) identifies the contributions of farm tourism to the farming sector. The first recognition is that farm tourism provides more economic income for farmers, thus the farmers are able to cope and remain self employed in times of negative changes in the prices of agricultural produce/commodities. The second is that farm tourism provides an avenue for the direct sale of produce from farm. The third is that farm tourism contributes to the economic survival of farmers experiencing the effects of stiff competition, and changes in agricultural and trade policies. Impacts of farm tourism: Although tourism continues to be viewed by some as a panacea for the economic and social ills of the countryside it: Is essentially an economic tool Needs to be part of a portfolio of strategies contributing to successful rural development Is not appropriate in all rural areas, but opportunity costs and factors for its comparative advantage will vary considerably from one type of rural area to another. Economic factors reducing tourisms effectiveness as a rural development tool include income leakages, volatility, a declining multiplier, low pay, and imported labour, the limited number of entrepreneurs in rural areas and the conservatism of investors. Rural tourism is better suited to act as a complement to an existing thriving and diverse rural economy (Butler and Clark 1992). Tourism plays an increasingly important and diversified role in local development, especially in revitalizing and reorganizing local economies, and improving the quality of life. Tourist flows can be generators of at least supplementary income in farming, craft and service sectors. Rendering the possibility to realize the economic value of specific, quality based production of food stuff as well as of unused and abandoned buildings, unique scenery, space and culture. Despite often being characterized by host-guest differences, rural tourism can open up the possibility of new social contacts, especially in breaking down the isolation of more remote areas and social groups. Opportunities to revaluate heritage and its symbols the environment and the identity of rural places is also promoted by rural tourism. Rural tourism development strategies should assist policies of environmental and social sustainability (Cavaco, 1995). Farm tourism generates a significant contribution to the rural development process in rural areas and does indeed do so in many cases (Busby and Rendle, 2000). The contributions could be in the forms of income increase and job opportunities, exchange between rural and urban areas, multiplier effects particularly for small-scale direct investments, strengthening local or regional structures by creating networks and the like, stimulating physical infrastructure developments, increasing the diversity of economic activities, raising awareness of the value of an area, such as its landscape, nature and culture, and the economic potencies, as well as improving the infrastructure which enable to provide opportunities for other economic developments. The negative impacts of agrotourism development will occur when the development ignores the development principles and ethics. The potential negative impacts which may occur such as degradation of environment and local culture qualities, and economics gaps among the regions (Henegan, 2002) Concept of Farm Diversification Fundamental processes of restructuring, the decline in farm income and a dwindling farm population have characterized the agricultural sector of industrial society. Tapping into opportunities such as farm tourism can have significant potential for farmers. The identification and promotion of farms as a result of their location, natural attraction and tourist-oriented facilities is essential in the process of diversification. The key feature of diversification is that it seeks to encourage investment in sectors that are usually different from those in which recent hardships have befallen (Lobao, L. and Meyer, 2001). There are three common means of farm diversification (The Centre for Rural Research (2003). The first is agricultural diversification which is the use of farm resources to produce new sources of income (e.g. crop products, animal products, and farm woodland). The second is structural or business diversification. In this case, farm households have a variety of income from business activities (e.g. tourism, and value added activities) that are run on the farm or are partly dependent on the farm based land and capital assets. The third is passive diversification which includes leasing of agricultural land and buildings. Factors that Determine Diversification into Farm Tourism Shaw and Williams (2004) shed light on the factors that influence the decision of farm households regarding diversification and what types of alternative enterprise to diversify into. These factors according to Wheelen and Hunger (2004) are the external and internal stimuli. The external stimuli stems from the external environment. They refer to the opportunities and threats that the farm household is exposed to (e.g. external capital sources, legal frameworks, market trends, change in technology, and sociocultural trends). The internal stimuli refer to strengths and weaknesses that are likely to determine if the enterprise will be able to take advantage of opportunities. These internal stimuli include profitability, availability of time, and family life course. More apparent farm tourism activities include accommodation, (e.g. bed breakfast, farm accommodation, ranch) and recreational activities (e.g. wildlife viewing, hunting, fishing, and horseback riding) (Clarke, 1996). Others include educational activities (e.g. garden or nursery tours, historical agricultural display tours, and agricultural technical tours), direct farm product sales (e.g. on the farm sales of farm produce, pick your own operations, and sale of agricultural related crafts), entertainment activities (e.g. barn dances, harvest festivals and hunting) (Matthews, 2004). Motivation : Tourists opting for rural tourism such as farm tourism do so in order to satisfy their needs, wants and are likely to chose destinations that are not just rural in physical features but also stimulate them psychologically through the image it portrays (Frochot, 2005 and Bramwell and Lane 1994). Sharpley (1996) stresses that tourist opting for tourism in rural areas are in fact trying to seek peace tranquillity, space, authenticity, tradition, simplicity all of which would help urban dwellers relieve stress. According to study conducted by Hopkins (1998) revealed that the motivational factors for tourist to respond to rural tourism advertisements was because it satiated the desire to escape to different environment in order to enjoy experience of different quality and authenticity. Another study conducted by Huang and Tsai (2003) reports that the prospects of socializing and interacting, participating and experiencing novel situations, escape from stressed life were some underlying mo tives for travel to rural destinations. These motives could also be applicable for farm tourists. Hence, it can be assumed that evidently urban dwellers are motivated to opt for farm tourism to escape from the stressful, mundane life. In order to understand tourist travel behaviour Crompton(1979) mentions that identifying motivation is the key factor. Motivation surfaces the reason behind travel and participation in travel activities (Jang, Bai, Hu, Wu, 2009). The literature constantly mention that motivation is the driving force that make individuals take actions( Park and Yoon, 2009). Hence, it is crucial that study be conducted on tourist motivation as it would aid point out elements that could be promoted inorder to entice tourist to particular destination that match their motivation to travel(Kozak, 2001). Motivation is the key to create attitude for opting a destination and also generating expectation which when fulfilled, all ultimately forms the bases that influences the image of a destination (Rodriguez del Bosque, San Martin, Collado and Garcia de los Salmones,2009). Though motivation reveals the key question why people travel, it also helps understanding the psychological factors ( Gnoth, 1997, Goossens , 2000). Moutinho (2000) mentions motivation as the dominant component that influences human behaviour. It also serves as a driving force to satiate individuals physiological and psychological needs ( Berkman, Lindquist and Sirgy, 1997). According to Cohen (1974) studies undertaken to understand the motives behind travel help realize the social and psychological facts of tourism. Thus motivational reasons can be seen as a psychological need that cause disequilibrium and is satiated through travel experience( Crompton, 1979 ; Kim, Crompton and Botha, 2000). In other words, the motivation to travel arises when individuals desire to fullfill their need deficiency ( Mill and Morrison, 2002). Maslows theory of needs seems to be widely adapted in literature, however researcher also point out the theory weakness and mention that motivation to fullfill ones needs, need not start from bottom to up but multiple needs could arise in random order in Maslows hierarchy( Goebel and Brown, 1981). Criticism of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory also includes that the concepts are generalized and posses a barrier to be tested, as precise measuring to understand the flow of needs is not possible( Schniffman and Kanuk, 1997). The earliest study on identifying motives behind travel were put forth by Lundberg(1971), by identifying assumed 18 motivation factors. Later on bases on indepth interview Crompton(1979) based on this study put forth 9 motives that influence people to travel and were based on sociopsychological and cultural motives or push and pull motives. Sociopsychological needs or push factor are internal and influence individuals to travel and pull factor are external that influeces individual to travel to a particular destination because of its influencing attraction on the pull factor(Oh, Uysal and Weaver, 1995). For example the desire to escape for a stress life could be considered as the push factor and with farm tourism capable to offer scenic calm uncrowned environment could be considered a pull factor that might satiate an individuals need to escape. Understanding motivation has also interested studies related to decision making, market segmentation and destination choice(Jang, Bai, HU an d Wu, 2009). These factors were then generalized by Goeldner and Ritchie(2003) under the typology such as (a) physical (b) cultural (c) interpersonal (d) prestige. Authors commonly accept Cromptons model when it comes to the study of tourist motivation as it helps understand tourists intangible intrinsic motive behind choice of destination ( Kozak, 2001 and Bansal and Eiselt, 2004). Several studies have gone about adapting Cromptons theory to find motivational factors of nationalities, senior citizens, influence of motivation on satisfaction, motives to select particular destination ( Yuan, McDonald, 1990; Zhang and Lim 1999; Yoon and Uysal, 2005; Jang and Wu, 2006). Though studies on motivations have been carried out extensively, few studies have been undertaken to understand motivation in rural settings (Park and Yoon, 2009). For this research, which will be undertaken in India, the researcher would adapt Cromptons theory to understand motives of tourist in farm tourism. From the literature, it suggests that quite evidently the motives by Crompton seem to form the backbone to understand motives of tourist to opt farm tourism. Experience: Rural tourism is know for its diversity and versatility and is commonly used as a subsititute to farm tourism, ecotourism , nature tourism or wildlife tourism; however in reality the above terms are specific to tourism with distinct activities, however with a common underlyning factor that all these forms of tourism take place in a rural setting( Sharpley, 1996). Previous researches have concentrated heavily on service delivery and service performance, however now there is growing need to have an understanding of experience derived from service industry such as tourism( Schmitt, 1999 and Pine and Gilmore, 1999). This suggests that academia lacks the study on experience derived by customers. In todays world of service industry, the importance for understanding experience has gained momentum (Miranda, 2009). Experience can be defined as events that engage individuals in a personal way ( Bigne and Andreu, 2004,p692) or the subjective mental state felt by participants during a service encounter ( Otto and Ritchie, 1996, p 166). Tourist perceive their own experience based on personal motivation and underlying reason they wish to fullfill whilst participating in activities( MacIntosh and Prentice 1999). Experience involves intermingling of various elements that fuses and influence tourist senses (Shaw and Ivens, 2002).Experience occurs when conscious state of mind is stimulated through thoughts and feeling. ODell ( 2005) mentions experiencescape as a space where individuals have the control and freedom to interact with the environment and enjoy feeling of pleasure and entertainment. Such a feeling could also be derived when engaging in farm tourism. Experience can be studied either from a marketing approach or social science approach(Mosseberg, 2007). For the study of farm tourism the researcher finds social science approapriate for farm tourism. Since from the social science perspective tourist are keen to derive experience that is different from the normal daily experiences and wish to participate is new and different activities ( Quan and Wang, 2004). This seems similar to tourist opting farm tourism as they would wish to derive a completely different feeling. The experience derived by customers from services can be generalized however experience depends on the level of participation of tourist into experiential activities offeredPine and Gilmore(1999). It is likely that tourist though would be motivated to enjoy different experience would rather not be through active participation but by passive unplanned activities (Ryan, Hughes and Chirgwin, 2000). This suggests that it is likely for tourists wanting to consume the experience of the activities in the farm, to participate either actively or passively. Service industry offering such experiential service need to concentrate and put in efforts to understand the experience perceived by consumer participating in such activities ( Schmitt, 2003). In order to do so Schmitt(2003) divided experience under sense experience that aids consumer satiate the need for scenic and tranquillity. The need for fun and pleasure as experience to feel, the desire to acquire knowledge and understand novelty as t hink-experience, Act-experience that would enhance ones lifestyle, and lastly the relate- experience that enhances ones connection and relation with others providing a feeling of importance and belonging. Xu and Chan(2010) in their discussion on experience in tourism acknowledge the dimensions of experience put forth by Otto and Ritchie, 1996 has been proved to be of value and valid for the study of experience. Hence the dimensions of experience can also be applied to understand the experience derived from the experiential services offered in farm tourism Tourists whilst consuming the experience from activites or services, could be influence with the environment the physical feature that surround the activity and this has an impact on perception of experience (Bitner, 1992). Business sectors are now focusing on studying and understanding experience and are trying to constantly create the environment in business that would provide better unique experience that would help attract more consumers. Consumers now are in the look out of activities which can be self controlled and also provide unique valued experience( Mossberg, 2007) Tourist business are putting in efforts to create such services and circumstances that could provide experience that customers are looking for and are also trying to develop strategies to attract tourist(Gilmore and Pine 2002). However, farm tourism is undoubtedly full of natural experiential activities that have the potential to offer consumers with unique experience and by understanding the experience that tou rist go through whilst indulging in farm activities, which is also the focus of this research would help in promotion that is more effective and attract more tourists. As tourism in rural settings such as farm tourism has tremendous opportunity to offer varied experience, this would positively attract to the market and could also serve as a motive for tourist to opt for such tourism (Getz and Page, 1997). When tourist consume experience, it could also be in tangible form such as the purchase of artifacts, which serves as a reminder and rejuvenation of the experience derived( Onderwater, Richards and Stam, 2000). Hedonic consumption, related to desires to undergo varied experience and when certain products are able to provide such desired experience it appeals and attracts consumers and could be considered to be a motivational factor fulfilling the desire ( Mowen and Minor, 1998). Hence, the study might help understand the experience that tourists undergo on farms and if this has been an influence on motivational factor. Bansal and Eiselt (2004) mention that experience or hedonic components of an activity are incorporated in the motive for travel. Which is also supported by Foster(1999) as he considers experience as a critical part in tourist motivation. The satisfaction of experience also directly relates to realization of motives to travel (Ross and Iso-Ahola, 1991). Thus if experien ce offered by activities in farm tourism and experience that tourist wish to seek are know it would also help satisfy the motives and in turn attract more market wishing to seek similar satisfaction. Studies examining the experiences provided at attraction to tourist is increasing( McIntosh and Siggs, 2005 ; Schanzel and McIntosh, 2000). Thus offering knowledge on the important relation tourism encounters have on visitor and their impact on providing unique benefits and satisfaction. Hence Pearce 1990 recognises the fact that tourist opting for destinations such as farm tourism have more mature motives and also expect for personal and meaningful experience above all. This suggests that apart from understanding the motives to travel to farm it is also vital to understand experience offered by farm activities.

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Distinguish between viruses, bacteria, ricketiest, fungi, parasites, and prisons. 2. Viruses: RNA or DNA. Obligate intracellular parasites. Seek â€Å"permissive cells to infect. Some strains have shown periodic changes by have mutations and forming new strands; Require a tissue culture In order to grow; Consist of RNA or DNA In a protective globetrotting coat; Influenza – Dengue Fever ? carried by mosquito SST. Louis encephalitis virus – carried by mosquito HIVE Hepatitis – Makes skin a yellow tint; can get from tattoos and has a long term risk of lung cancer (type C) RhinocerosMeasles Norwalk virus – highly infective and can ruin Cruise ship vacations Rabies – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues and usually cause from an animal bit that opens the skin of a human; get anti-vaccine once bit Bola – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues Herpes – DNA virus; can be given antibiotics to try to fight It; Chickenpox – DNA virus Smallpox – DNA virus 3. Bacteria: free-living organisms capable of reproduction If needs are not met: nutrients, environment (e. G. Temp, aerobic/anaerobic) susceptible host (compromised immune defenses).Categorized by shape: cuscus (stash, strep, concusses, pneumatics), bacilli (tetanus, botulism), spirochetes (syphilis, Boreal, Gram+ bacteria retain the purplish stain); prokaryotic & the smallest free-living forms Staphylococcus – Streptococcus Concusses – SIT that affects mucus membranes in urethra and creates discharge and burning through urethra; cultures can show negative even when it is positive; can give children eye Infections at birth Tuberculosis – lung disorder that causes the mouth; destroys cartilage Chlamydia – get In cells but respond to antibiotics Pneumatics IncongruousClamatorial tenant – rod shaped Botulism – rod-shaped; a neurotic also used in medicine Perplexing – bacilli; gangrene Hemo philia influenza – bacillus that causes respiratory infections Bacillus anthracic – causes skin lesions and lung infections Salmonella – food poisoning Comparable – food poisoning E. Coli 01 57:HA – food poisoning; Mycobacterium tuberculosis – slow growing lung disease acquired from the air-born spread of rod-shaped bacteria that are affected by host Trepanned – spiral shaped bacteria that causes syphilis Boreal burglarproofed – spiral shaped and is carried by a tick that causes LimeTine piped – athlete's foot (foot fungus); also know as ringworm but not from a worm Tine crisis – affects the groin Candida Albanians – yeasts in the vagina (vaginas), mouth & bloodstream Pneumatics caring – one of the most common infections in AIDS patients Valley Fever – bumps on face; from mosquito in SW USA; sadomasochism's 5. Parasites: complex multiplied & single celled organisms. Ameba's, Guardia, hookworm, scriptorium's inhabit unsanitary water.Schistose, malaria plasmid, folia, noncommercial's & transportations organisms utilize other creates to omelet their lifestyles Mites Lice Plasmid follicular – causes malaria; vector is an anopheles mosquito that is the most dangerous of parasites Schistose – worms that infect the liver and bladder from a snail Tapeworm – acquired from pork or beef Hookworm – acquired from soil Circumscription – waterborne; outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 sickened 400,000 with 100 deaths Guardia – intestinal parasite acquired from rivers and streams Pedicurists pubis – the crab louse that is from a sexually transmitted disease Repressiveness – parasite in the rivers that use vectors 6.Prisons – Abnormally folded proteins that lack nucleic acids; Prisoner's 1997 Nobel Prize postulated prisons as the etiology of several encephalopathy's; Mad-cow disease Koru – affected the tribes from eating peo ple; peoples brains began to look like a sponge and caused a shivering sickness unprecedented-Jacob disease scrappier in sheep – sheep given a food called offal that had a protein-rich substance that allowed the sheep to grow quickly and caused the death of several; could be a vaccine for dementia and Alchemist's disease if found wasting diseases in deer and mink 7. Distinguish between humeral and cellular immunity. What are the functions of â€Å"B† (Plasma Cells) and â€Å"T† lymphocytes? What are Mussolini's such as Gig and IGMP? 8. Vaccines exist for a number of child hoof diseases. What are these? Which are viruses and which are bacteria? 9. Describe the stages of infection. Generalized symptoms include fever, malign, rash, paraphrasing, lymphocyte's, photographic. What are the public health implications of â€Å"carrier states† in diseases such as herpes, HIVE/AIDS, typhoid, TAB, Bola. 10. Why is it so difficult to develop effective vaccines for: ma larial, sadomasochists, HIVE? 1 1 .The sexually transmitted diseases (SST) have preventatives from nearly all of the agents discussed in class. List Studs which are viruses, bacteria, fungi, multiplied parasites. 12. Major factors which amplify epidemics: poor sanitation, poverty, high density populations, malnutrition, compromised immune responses, conflict (resulting in many displaced and wounded victims), environmental changes which favor reproduction of vectors such as insects or rodents, antigenic variation (the organism changes), behavior of the hosts (sexual contacts, unsanitary medical procedures, contaminated injections of illicit drugs, improperly treated infections).

Video Games Encourage Violent Behavior - 1177 Words

If you ask a person in any environment if video games in general provide something beneficial for the player, they will answer there isn’t any. If anything, they will comment video games encourage negative outcomes, such as obesity, aggressiveness, antisocial behavior and in extreme cases, addiction (Bavelier, Brain training: Games to do you good, 2013). Besides the fact that there is no correlational proof that video games encourage violent behavior, psychologists have proved that some good does come out of playing games. Video games, it seems, encourage positive brain plasticity. In the meeting hosted by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, scientist gathered to discuss way of using interactive technology, such as games, to boost brain activity (Bavelier, Brain training: Games to do you good, 2013). Their attention was sparked when they noticed the growing amount of data that demonstrates the level of cognitive superiority video games experts wield over n ovices in terms of their capacity of attention and perception. The scientist proposed that perhaps using video games as a tool for training the brain is a viable option if there was some sort of interrelationship between games and positive brain activity. Thus, various experiments were born out of this idea, one of which will become the focus of this paper. But first, we must define what brain plasticity is. According to BrainFacts.org, â€Å"brain plasticity (from the Greek word ‘plastos’ meaningShow MoreRelatedDo Violent Video Games Encourage Negative Behavior?1817 Words   |  8 Pages DO VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES ENCOURAGE NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN? HEATHER E. 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Video games can haveRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1288 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Video Games on Children Technology today has progressed rapidly from generation to generation. Children and young adults are both into video games and the latest gadgets out there. Video games have been available to customers for the last 30 years. They are a unique way to entertain individuals because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Victor Strasburger an author of â€Å"Children, Adolescents, and the media† stated â€Å"The rising popularity of video games has instigatedRead MoreNegative Impact of Media Violence on Children1704 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough entertainment violence is not new it wasn’t until the twentieth century that heavy doses of violence were made available to vastly everyone. Over the past one hundred years, as mass media has become more prevalent, it has also become more violent. 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These video games might seem like harmless fun, but what if the violence in these games is affecting the behavior of young players interacting with others? In a society driven by technology, video games are becoming more popular each and everyday. People of all ages enjoy video games in their free time; these games allow the player to become an athlete, a soldier, or a professional fighter at the tip of their fingers. The hugest problem with these video games is they

Gun Control Laws Are Not Enforceable Essay - 2011 Words

On June twelfth, this year the world woke up to the tragic news of a mass shooting in Orlando, Florida. A twenty-three-year-old man, Omar Mateen, opened fire at a popular gay nightclub in downtown Orlando known as Pulse. Acting alone Mateen used an AR-15 assault rifle and a handgun. By the time law enforcement could stop him fifty people were killed and fifty others were injured. This incident is dubbed the nation’s deadliest mass shooting in history. Shocked from this event and others the nation called upon its leaders to make a change in gun control law. Gun control has become the main topic for debate among lawmakers and citizens across the country due to the deadly attacks within the last decade. Many people debate issues of the Second Amendment and a variety of other subtopics related to gun control and gun rights. Gun control laws are not enforceable because there are too many variations in laws and opinions across the country. Complications in the interpretation of the Second Amendment, other federal laws, differences between state laws and level of restrictiveness all add to the confusion and complications of gun control in the United States. The issue of gun control is complex within itself because each state has their own laws and set of restrictions. But to understand gun control one must understand the foundation for gun laws which comes from the Second Amendment. The Amendment states â€Å"A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State,Show MoreRelatedThe Battle Between Gun Control and Gun Rights Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagescertain categories of firearms, as well as mandate who may and may not own a gun (Gale Encyclopedia, pg. 155-162).† Therefore, the issue is one that is extremely hard to clarify. Which side is right? An estimated 30,000 people are killed each year by guns in the United States alone according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gun Control, Funk Wagnall’s). Though there have been some restrictions and laws placed, both the conservative and liberal sides are not pleased with eitherRead MoreAgenda Setting : Missouri Gun Control1682 Words   |  7 Pages Agenda Setting: Missouri Gun Control Peyton Flewelling University of Missouri at Columbia Agenda Setting: Missouri Gun Control The efforts of gun control advocates have been undermined largely by the persistent presence of those arguing the 2nd Amendment protects their Constitutional right to bear the majority of arms in almost every setting. This has occurred despite an ever-changing social climate, where gun violence occurs daily. Automatic, semi-automatic, and assault weaponsRead MorePersuasive Essay Against Gun Control1934 Words   |  8 PagesA law that would outlaw guns would be a more of a disadvantage to the law-abiding citizens than it would be to the criminals. If a law like that would be enacted, the criminals would not stop carrying guns but the pleasant citizens of the United States would. Currently, there is three major laws that prohibit specific firearms. The National Firearms Act of 1934 restricts citizens from possessing automatic weapons, hand grenades and other powerful arms. There is another federal law, The Gun ControlRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1912 Words   |  8 PagesGun cont rol, thanks to media outlets and recent events that have occurred in our homeland has become a topic of great controversy. There are people that are going to the extremes to express their opinions, and it’s causing a group polarization in our country. We feel that we are actually â€Å"at war† with those on the opposite side of the fence. Unfortunately neither side is getting the full picture. We have news sources like Fox News and CNN that go extreme right and left it’s hard to tell what is whatRead MoreRatification Of The Constitutional Convention Stipulating Essay2264 Words   |  10 Pageslegislature, if they can relate it to interstate commerce; enacted with elastic clause, enables Congress to make laws about abortion, gun control, gay marriage→ all pertaining to commerce i.e. gun control, technically Congress cannot regulate guns, but they argue for or against guns based on the argument that guns sold can be traveled across state lines and influence another state economy → ergo gun regulation Concurrent powers Authority possessed by both state and national gov.ts that may be exercisedRead MoreGuns Dont Kill People, People Kill People and Other Nonsensical Rhetoric2066 Words   |  9 PagesGuns Don’t Kill People, People Kill People And Other Nonsensical Rhetoric The intent and historical relevance of the Second Amendment should be carefully considered against modern day situations and circumstances surrounding gun violence. Whether you believe the Second Amendment gives unequivocal rights to individuals to bear arms or that it only pertains to states militia and firearms should be tightly regulated by the government, reasonable measures should be taken to minimize the harm causedRead MorePresident Obamas Thoughts On Gun Control And Gun Policies2038 Words   |  9 PagesPresident Obamas thoughts on gun control and gun policies Brayden Dowding Archway Seminar-The Obama Presidency December 1, 2016 President Obamas thoughts on gun control and gun policies During president Obamas time in office, one of the big things he has talked about is the control on guns, and weather we should have the right to keep them, or have them taken away. President Obama has made a couple different stands on this. I want to know if his policies have made America more happy andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control2013 Words   |  9 PagesIs increasing gun control the answer to stopping criminal acts of gun violence? Or is there a better solution? The many recent tragic events involving gun violence have made the debate between gun control and gun rights to be at an all-time high. The most recent and deadliest example of gun violence, still fresh in peoples’ minds, occurred in Las Vegas, Nevada where 59 lives were lost, and 441 people were injured. Other recent occurrences include the San Bernardino attacks in which deadly fully automaticRead MoreCase Analysis : Truck Driver And Trucking Company Essay2356 Words   |  10 PagesPhysical duress i s coercion involving physical force or the threat of physical force. The person is in fear that the wrongful act will be carried out therefore they end up entering into a contract. The law will not enforce any contract induced by duress. So the physical duress i.e. pointing a gun at someone’s head renders this agreement void. Anthony caused further duress to the President of the company. He forced the vice president to take the agreement to the president of the company wake himRead MoreThe Discussion Of Gun Control3088 Words   |  13 PagesConnor Wells Dr. Elizabeth Sachs English 101 16 December 2014 Gun Control In the discussion of gun control, one of the main controversial issues is whether or not there should be more or less regulations put on firearms. In addition, another issue that comes up is whether or not those regulations will have a benefit on society. One one hand, gun regulation proponents believe that stricter regulations restricting the types of firearms and ammunition that can be purchased will reduce the amounts