Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Ventilation Essay, Research Paper Ventilation is the mechanical method whereby air is removed into and from the lungs. Circumstances in which a patient may require venitlatory bolster scope from apnea to patients sing down respiratory guide. In the event that the patient? s pace of take a breathing lessenings fundamentally it can take to hypercarbia, hypoxia, a brought down pH degree and a reducing in respiratory moment volume. This can result in heart or respiratory worry on the off chance that it isn? T amended. Terminated air airing has been acknowledged as the method of pick since the late fiftiess. It has been demonstrated to be a solid example for the two experts and lay people including youthful children more than 5 mature ages old enough. Ventilation using the lapsed quality of the rescuer can be applied to the oral cavity or olfactory organ of the adult casualty and to the oral depression and olfactory organ of the infant. Mouth-to-Mouth airing and Mouth-to-Nose airing can flexibly strong ventilatory help to a patient. A significant bit of leeway of these strategies for airing is that no hardware is required to practically offer ventilatory help to the patient. In any case, the disservice of these strategies for ventilatory help are that the two techniques just offer a constrained O gracefully because of the way that O terminated from the friend in need will simply fuse 17 for every centum O. Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation or Pocket Mask Ventilation A reasonable, fictile, shaped facemask like that utilized in sedation might be utilized to flexibly oral depression to camouflage airing. A unidirectional valve redirects the patient # 8217 ; s lapsed air off from the friend in need and traps any perceptible iotas rising up out of the patient. This valve improves the feel and lessens danger of cross contamination. The oral pit to camouflage strategy is a two given method which delivers a superior seal than that acquired during single-individual sack valve-veil airing. Similarly as with mouth-to-mouth airing it is conceivable to deliver high flowing volumes, high air entry power per unit zones and increment the risk of stomachic rising costs. The extra of a port for the removal of helper O builds the awesome O focus. A combination of pocket veils are accessible. A portion of these covers are discarded after the primary use while others might be utilized commonly. Most are nearly nothing and reduced bounty to suit in a pocket and might be conveyed with the paramedic. The pocket cover permits an O stream pace of 10 liters for each moment. This rate joined with mouth-to-mouth outside breath of the rescuer yields a heavenly O pace of around 50 for every centum. This is an essentially higher O fixation degree than conveyed through the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose technique. Modest assurance gadgets produced using a bit of plastic film with a valvular opening to cover the oral hole and nose will gracefully insurance and chop down tasteful worries of direct contact with quiet? s vomit, spit, mucus or blood. The main drawback is that the film gadget requires moving for each grouping of breaths. In the network the spectator is probably going to be a similar, companion or associate of the person in question and resuscitative endeavors ought to non be discouraged by the unavailability of a defensive gadget, as the peril is pretty much nothing. Sack Valve Ventilation Oneself blowing up pack can be associated with either a facemask, a tracheal tubing, a laryngeal veil, or a Combitube. The pack comprises of an oval, self-blowing up silicone or elastic sack ; two single direction valves, and a crystalline facemask. They are accessible in sizes for darlings, children and adults. The pack valve gadget permits room air or O to be conveyed to the patient. At the point when utilized on its ain the pack valve-cover will let airing of the patient with surrounding air ( 21 % O ) . This can be expanded to around 50 % by joining an O gracefully at 5-6 Lmin-1 directly to the sack close to the air break valve. Regularly, by and by, a repository pack ought to be joined, which with O streams of 8-10 Lmin-1, will gracefully divine O convergences of 90 % . Certain perfect norms have been set down for sack valve-veil gadgets utilized in revival The requests suggested include: The pack stuff ought to be crystalline and pass on an acceptable # 8220 ; experience # 8221 ; . It ought to non ingest sedative or harmful gases and ought to have adequate kick to pull in gases from a supply or a draw over sedation circuit. Both break and trade foundation valves ought to be of vigorous structure, skilled to hinder rebreathing or releases, unequipped for breakdown or sticking with a new gas stream ( of O ) up to 15L/min. The valves ought to be anything but difficult to dismantle, clean and reassemble ( aside from in expendable hypothetical records ) ; wrong refabrication should be unthinkable. The break valve ought to be fit for being fitted with a channel ( to aside from harmful gases ) and an O repository sack. The patient valve should hold standard ISO 15/22 millimeter changes. The patient valve ought to incorporate, or be fit for being fitted with, a PEEP valve. The pack ought to be equipped for introducing a flowing volume of up to 1500 milliliter in the adult form and airing paces of up to 45/min in the pediatric adaptation. Newborn child, pediatric and huge renditions of the gadget ought to be accessible. The gadget should work sufficiently during all normal natural conditions and temperature boundaries. At the point when utilized by one individual, an impressive evaluation of achievement is required to keep a patent air entry and impermeable seal with one manus, while crushing the sack with the other. This is just prone to be accomplished by individual who normally utilizes a pack valve-cover gadget. Exorbitantly much air hole will follow in hypoventilation, while unreasonable flowing volumes may result in stomachic insufflation and expanded risk of spewing forth. On the off chance that airing needs to go on with a pack valve-veil, the two-man method is favored ; one individual holds the facemask in topographic point using the two guardianships and a partner presses the sack. As such a superior seal is accomplished, the jaw push move is all the more simple kept up and the patient # 8217 ; s lungs can be ventilated all the more strongly. Request Valve Device The interest valve gadget is other than regularly alluded to as the # 8220 ; physically activated O controlled take a breathing gadget. # 8221 ; This gadget will ship 100 for every centum O to a patient at its maximal stream rate ( 40L every moment ) . This framework comprises of a hard-hitting tubing, which interfaces with an O flexibly. A press switch or catch simple enacts the valve doing it to open and in this manner, giving O to the patient. Programmed Ventilators Because of innovative progresss, conservative mechanical ventilators are presently accessible for pre-clinic utilization. Mechanical ventilators give a figure of favorable circumstances over different sorts of ventilatory help examined previously. Mechanical airing is lightweight and smaller which makes it advantageous and extremely simple to use while moving the patient to the hospital. Second, they are an advancement over the pack valve gadget in keeping minute volume. The mechanical airing framework is other than ready to process most extreme temperatures. Temperatures runing from 30 evaluations Fahrenheit to 125 evaluations Fahrenheit. Another favorable position of mechanical airing is that most frameworks are commonly furnished with both a customizable ventilatory rate and flowing volume. This will let the machine to outline, coming back to order mechanical airing in patients who are non take a relaxing. Some are fuse a # 8220 ; fly off # 8221 ; valve that forestalls pressure-related damages. A # 8220 ; fly off # 8221 ; valve can end up being harming in condition of affairss where the patient is suffering from a pneumonic wound, bronchospasm, cardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, adult respiratory misery disorder or disturbs in which high degrees of power per unit territory noticeable all around section must be conquered. In closing, there are a few solid techniques for offering respiratory help to patients. In spite of the fact that, the mechanical ventilator has numerous focal points as referenced before, the pack valve strategy demonstrates to hold the biggest total of favorable circumstances. Be that as it may, it ought to be noticed that the pack valve method has other than demonstrated to be easily proven wrong when attempting to offer respiratory help to nonintubated patients.

Commentary on the World Bank †Government (300 Level Course)

Analysis on the World Bank †Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Analysis on the World Bank Government (300 Level Course) Analysis on the IMF: As indicated by the Meltzer Report As the Meltzer Report was discharged, the world kept on turning, and with these proceeding with upheavals new issues emerged. Issues that will ideally be managed all the more properly on account of crafted by the Congressional Commission doled out to concoct new and better ways for the money related foundations of the world to comprehend them. Ostensibly the two most significant players in this field are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In the accompanying editorial both will be tended to in various manners. Their accounts and purposes will be quickly tended to. Their primary objectives will be introduced. The influence that they have had in the past will be brought into play. In conclusion, the eventual fate of these two establishments will be mulled over. Utilizing this wide cluster of data it will be chosen here if in certainty these establishments are filling any genuine need and if their future presence is either required or if nothing else beneficial. The World Bank: The World Bank was built up post World War II with an end goal to assault issues of national rates and their potential obsessions while simultaneously endeavoring to carry some soundness to the post war worldwide markets. Prowling just underneath the surface was the way that the World Bank, which was to a great extent heavily influenced by Westerners with Western feelings, was likewise assuming on the liability of reconstructing Europe. Subsequently almost the entirety of the advances allowed in the years promptly following the war were to reproduce European national economies that had been wrecked during the war. Moderately scarcely any advances were given to creating nations. The World Bank would come to be known as an European controlled substance. Along these lines assisting with addressing the subject of why these European nations are supported on their feet right away. This may likewise be ascribed to the way that the World Bank highlights weighted democratic in which the more rich nations get the bigger measure of votes. At that point the nations that are in truth evolved and very rich will have to a greater degree a state in what the bank will do. In this manner the World Bank will eventually support the rich over poor people. The central station of the World Bank highlight a huge sign that peruses: â€Å"Our dream is a world without poverty.† The Meltzer Commission has said that it partakes in this view. Tragically the World Bank and its sister improvement banks are not advancing toward managing this issue and redressing any of the issues that help keep the most unfortunate nations at the base of the financial range. However the Meltzer Commission, while concurring in principle to the World Bank additionally concurs in doing close to nothing to be the one to step up to the front line with an answer. The Meltzer Report proceeds to express that the World Bank employ’s more than 17,000 individuals in 170 workplaces around the globe and have gotten $500 billion dollars in capital and expand some $50 billion in advances to creating nations. Still the World Bank is a long way from remaining consistent with its promise in the way that in spite of they guarantee to be in presence to assist the poor countries of the world, some 70% of the World Bank non-help assets stream to 11 nations that appreciate simple access to the capital markets. The World Bank came to fruition to serve an all inclusive perspective on the future as depicted at Bretton Woods in 1944; to keep up the gold-based norm, capital controls, exchange obstructions previous settlements and less-created economies. While these were the first thoughts of the bank, as times changed and emergency emerged new advances must be taken. Simultaneously the fundamental objective of the World Bank was ostensibly ignored. In the previous seven years, the World Bank gave $18 billion to creating nations. However in a similar seven years, the private division has given $1,450 billion to a similar creating nations. In the event that the World Bank should effectively end world neediness, and this is their primary objective, what on the planet would they say they are taking a gander at? The insights were accessible to show the Meltzer Commission how little the World Bank has contributed in contrast with others. Do the pioneers of the World Bank not approach similar informat ion or are they basically too naã ¯ve to see that they are not filling the need for which they were planned at their commencement. Besides, in the event that they are not serving the poor nations of the world and helping them to increase a balance in the financial world just precisely what's going on with they? The World Bank has subsequently been pushed into the current day attempting to discover a personality for itself in the worldwide monetary structure. It has become obvious that the World Bank is certainly not a key player as it had been proposed to be. Rather it is progressively reasonable for the bank to impart obligation to different associations, for example, the UN and the IMF. In doing so the World Bank has been compelled to make new thoughts and plans for activity. Remembered for them is the advancing of cash to places where there is a decent possibility that the bank recovers its cash. These are sheltered credits for the World Bank to take on, as they will ideally be two-crease in their goal. First they will permit the bank to stay away from persistently obligation with suspension or in any event, defaulting of advances, and they will likewise force vital assents against obtaining nations so as to get the advances by any stretch of the imagination. It is the expectation of all gatherings that this last advance will in the end lead to the eradication of poor performing economies and maybe even the â€Å"third world status.† However today the status of the World Bank is as yet indistinct. They state that exhibition is the main worry of the World Bank and the Meltzer Commission. In any case, their presentation has been poor and even as the Commission remarks on this, they offer no arrangement but to state that closure or lessening neediness isn't simple. So as the Commission rushes to call attention to these deficiencies and back them with extreme information, they stop there. The report discloses to us that the World Bank considers the title of â€Å"marginally satisfactory† as an accomplishment in arrangement. Utilizing these measures, which are unstable, best case scenario, the World Bank has had a disappointment pace of 59% from 1990-1999. Also, in the staying 41% of cases, thought about victories, most by far were packed in upper-pay nations that have local assets and access to private-part subsidizing. All in all, the World Bank has a significant job in lessening neediness and advancing development, in spite of the way that today their assets are a little piece of the worldwide capital stream. The utilization of increasingly viable assets can raise the commitment of the Bank essentially. So what does the Meltzer Commission need to state accordingly? They state that this will possibly occur if the Banks increase a superior comprehension of their near bit of leeway, where and how they can most successfully utilize their constrained assets. So obviously the Meltzer report has arrived at a similar resolution, yet in searching for counsel that the Commission needs to give, the peruser discovers pretty much nothing. The Commission says that the Bank can improve their exhibition by posing themselves three inquiries: Will the private area play out this capacity, Will the neighborhood open segment play out this capacity, and will the Bank give assets not in any case accessible? Does the Commission offer any responses to these questions? No they don't, they state one thing in an incredible, edified snapshot of political ability. The World Bank ought not keep on dedicating a large portion of its finding to activities of this sort. This does little for anybody worried about the predicament of the nations that need the help of any global bank or association. While the World Bank clearly has various issues, the Meltzer Commission does minimal something other than bring up them. They give no solid answers and they leave the eventua l fate of the Bank not yet decided, exactly where it shouldn't be. The International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund, otherwise called the IMF was made at around a similar time as the World Bank. It was proposed to forestall a reoccurrence of money related and monetary precariousness. It is viewed as the â€Å"American† sister to the World Bank in light of the fact that as the World Bank is to a great extent constrained by European nations the IMF is for the most part ran under the heading of the United States. After some time numerous pundits of the IMF will contend that the strings of the association are pulled by the American government and furthermore that the IMF will get equivalent with Washington D.C. While the IMF was set up with comparable goals as those of the World Bank, in helping the universal markets to maintain a strategic distance from breakdown and to furnish economies with by and large strength the IMF varies somewhat. One of the primary objectives of the IMF was to make â€Å"fixed however movable rates.† These rates were to be  "pegged,† which means set to a specific unit of estimation. This unit was to be the American dollar. The â€Å"peg† turned into the transformation of all part nations monetary standards to inside 1% of the American dollar. The rate got customizable if and just on the off chance that it got impractical or if a financial emergency were to emerge. These are only a couple of the objectives that were as a top priority of the early pioneers of the IMF in 1944. In any case, in the last 50 years, the world has changed so drastically that the IMF has needed to manage new difficulties and ask itself what reason it fills in as the 21st century day breaks. The IMF was set up with two presumptions, the two of which are no long legitimate. The fixed however flexible rates finished in August of 1971 when President Richard Nixon shut the gold window, finishing the U.S.’s responsibility to keep the dollar cost of gold at $35 per ounc

For the Admitted Students

For the Admitted Students First of all, Welcome to the MIT Family! (click to see full version!) 3. Go on Facebook. Now. Join this group. Go Facebook official with MIT! ;) 14. Sometime soon, Matt will post a blog about Admission statistics. Its always interesting to see how you fared (especially since this year was AGAIN the most competitive class ever well, no surprises there!). 15. Sometime soon (on Tuesday), The Tech will publish an article about admissions this year, and its always an interesting read. (theres already an article about it theyll probably keep updating it?) 92. Keep your eyes peeled on the myMIT portal. Sign the guestbook to introduce yourself to your peers if you havent already, and keep watching for things since the portal gets updated for new information (if it havent already!). Eventually, the portal will include all kinds of cool things like CPW Registration, meetings with local MIT alums to congratulate you on your acceptance, Overnight Visit form, and of course, your MIT Reply Form. 653. Plan what to do with the Official Copy of the Admissions Letter that will be coming soon to a postbox near you. :) 5,897. Let any of us know if you have any questions about MIT at anytime! Were always here to help. =p 9,323. Stay by your phone (yeah, the one you put down on your application) beginning at 6 PM (local time) TODAY, the 16th, and you might receive a very mysterious phone call. 84,626. Check. it. out! boo-yah! 433,832. Say no. You can do it! ;) 795,028. Let your teachers (especially those who wrote your recommendation letters) know about the good news! They were part of your epic journey, and Im sure theyll be very happy to hear news from you. :D 841,971. Take some time away from fretting (especially since youve been doing it since January 1 =p) and just take it easy for awhile. Spend some time with your parents, go out to a movie with your friends, and relax! Take the time also to enjoy your senior year classmates. Just like High School Musical 3, youll all be graduating sooner than you think. 6,939,937. GET PUMPED for Campus Preview Weekend! (CPW) So I never got to come to CPW when I got in, but after going through the my last CPW (which is also my first, along with the 12s), I can tell you that its a crazy experience that you dont want to miss if you can. :D Since its basically just a month now, get your plane tickets early if you want to come! Also, if your parents are coming along make sure to get hotel reservations (MIT has discounts with Marriott youll probably get more information about this in the package with your official admission certificate that you will get soon in the mail =p) If you dont believe me on the awesomeness that is CPW, just read any of this! woo! Its been a long journey, eh? :) Again, congratulations! A Japanese radio station once conducted a survey on what songs describe the joy of getting an acceptance letter. This was number one on the survey. I found an English-subbed version, so have fun! =p 前を向け! (face forward!)

Descriptive Essay Nice Touch And Your Blood...

â€Å"Nice touch,† William said to the empty office. William pressed the mute button on the television remote and logged-in to the Movement’s secure internet browser. He placed his thumb on the biometric scanner, and leaned forward, allowing the built-in camera to run a facial recognition and retinal scan. The face of a pretty, blond woman in her early twenties appeared on William’s monitor. â€Å"Good afternoon, Mr. Blake. I’m Amanda, concierge 4015. How do you fare?† â€Å"Hale and hearty, hearty and hale,† William said. â€Å"Your blood pressure is one-ten over sixty, and pulse is fifty-six beats per minute. All vitals and biometric indicators are in the superior range. You are hale and hearty indeed, Mr. Blake. How may I assist you?† â€Å"Messages?† â€Å"You have three email messages. The messages are from Mr. Whitkin, Mr. Francois, and Ms. Amato.† Whitkin, Francois and Amato were Movement whips from Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut. As whips, they were responsible for reviewing vote counts. Normally, they would count the votes of elected representatives in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island statehouses. With the state constitutional conventions on the horizon, William directed the whips to count the votes of the delegates who town and city councils across the region had nominated for the state constitutional conventions. Many of the delegates were less well known to the Movement officials, so it took a considerable amount of time and effort for the whips to vet each of theShow MoreRelatedFor Against by L.G. 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What Is the Broken Windows Theory

The broken windows theory states that visible signs of crime in urban areas lead to further crime. The theory is often associated with the 2000 case of Illinois v. Wardlow, in which the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that the police, based on the legal doctrine of probable cause, have the authority to detain and physically search, or â€Å"stop-and-frisk,† people in crime-prone neighborhoods who appear to be behaving suspiciously. Key Takeaways: Broken Windows Theory The broken windows theory of criminology holds that visible signs of crime in densely-populated, lower-income urban areas will encourage additional criminal activity.Broken windows neighborhood policing tactics employ heightened enforcement of relatively minor â€Å"quality of life† crimes like loitering, public drinking, and graffiti.The theory has been criticized for encouraging discriminatory police practices, such as unequal enforcement based on racial profiling. Broken Windows Theory Definition In the field of criminology, the broken windows theory holds that lingering visible evidence of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil unrest in densely populated urban areas suggests a lack of active local law enforcement and encourages people to commit further, even more serious crimes. The theory was first suggested in 1982 by social scientist, George L. Kelling in his article, â€Å"Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety† published in The Atlantic. Kelling explained the theory as follows: â€Å"Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if its unoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside. â€Å"Or consider a pavement. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of refuse from take-out restaurants there or even break into cars.† Kelling based his theory on the results of an experiment conducted by Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo in 1969. In his experiment, Zimbardo parked an apparently disabled and abandoned car in a low-income area of the Bronx, New York City, and a similar car in an affluent Palo Alto, California neighborhood. Within 24 hours, everything of value had been stolen from the car in the Bronx. Within a few days, vandals had smashed the car’s windows and ripped out the upholstery. At the same time, the car abandoned in Palo Alto remained untouched for over a week, until Zimbardo himself smashed it with a sledgehammer. Soon, other people Zimbardo described as mostly well dressed, â€Å"clean-cut† Caucasians joined in the vandalism. Zimbardo concluded that in high-crime areas like the Bronx, where such abandoned property is commonplace, vandalism and theft occur far faster as the community takes such acts for granted. However, similar crimes can occur in any community when the people’s mutual regard for proper civil behavior is lowered by actions that suggest a general lack of concern. Kelling concluded that by selectively targeting minor crimes like vandalism, public intoxication, and loitering, police can establish an atmosphere of civil order and lawfulness, thus helping to prevent more serious crimes. Broken Windows Policing In1993, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and police commissioner William Bratton cited Kelling and his broken windows theory as a basis for implementing a new â€Å"tough-stance† policy aggressively addressing relatively minor crimes seen as negatively affecting the quality of life in the inner-city. Stop and Frisk March - Tens of thousands of New Yorkers participated in a silent march to protest NYPD racial profiling, including the Stop and Frisk program which dissproportionally tarkets young men of color as well as the spying on Muslims as was recently reveiled in news reports. Sunday, June 17, 2012. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Bratton directed NYPD to step up enforcement of laws against crimes like public drinking, public urination, and graffiti. He also cracked down on so-called â€Å"squeegee men,† vagrants who aggressively demand payment at traffic stops for unsolicited car window washings. Reviving a Prohibition-era city ban on dancing in unlicensed establishments, police controversially shuttered many of the city’s night clubs with records of public disturbances. While studies of New York’s crime statistics conducted between 2001 and 2017 suggested that enforcement policies based on the broken windows theory were effective in reducing rates of both minor and serious crimes, other factors may have also contributed to the result. For example, New York’s crime decrease may have simply been part of a nationwide trend that saw other major cities with different policing practices experience similar decreases over the period. In addition, New York City’s 39% drop in the unemployment rate could have contributed to the reduction in crime. In 2005, police in the Boston suburb of Lowell, Massachusetts, identified 34 â€Å"crime hot spots† fitting the broken windows theory profile. In 17 of the spots, police made more misdemeanor arrests, while other city authorities cleared trash, fixed streetlights, and enforced building codes. In the other 17 spots, no changes in routine procedures were made. While the areas given special attention saw a 20% reduction in police calls, a study of the experiment concluded that simply cleaning up the physical environment had been more effective than an increase in misdemeanor arrests. Today, however, five major U.S. cities—New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Boston, and Denver—all acknowledge employing at least some neighborhood policing tactics based on Kelling’s broken windows theory. In all of these cities, police stress aggressive enforcement of minor misdemeanor laws. Critics Despite its popularity in major cities, police policy based on the broken windows theory is not without its critics, who question both its effectiveness and fairness of application. Demonstraters storm the Macys on 34th Street protesting the Staten Island, New York grand jurys decision not to indict a police officer involved in the chokehold death of Eric Garner in July on December 5, 2014 in New York City. The grand jury declined to indict New York City Police Officer Daniel Pantaleo in Garners death. Andrew Burton / Getty Images In 2005, University of Chicago Law School professor Bernard Harcourt published a study finding no evidence that broken windows policing actually reduces crime. â€Å"We don’t deny that the ‘broken windows’ idea seems compelling,† wrote Harcourt. â€Å"The problem is that it doesn’t seem to work as claimed in practice.† Specifically, Harcourt contended that crime data from New York City’s 1990s application of broken windows policing had been misinterpreted. Though the NYPD had realized greatly reduced crime rates in the broken windows enforcement areas, the same areas had also been the areas worst affected by the crack-cocaine epidemic that caused citywide homicide rates to soar. â€Å"Everywhere crime skyrocketed as a result of crack, there were eventual declines once the crack epidemic ebbed,† Harcourt note. â€Å"This is true for police precincts in New York and for cities across the country.† In short, Harcourt contended that New York’s declines in crime during the 1990s were both predictable and would have happened with or without broken windows policing. Harcourt concluded that for most cities, the costs of broken windows policing outweigh the benefits. â€Å"In our opinion, focusing on minor misdemeanors is a diversion of valuable police funding and time from what really seems to help—targeted police patrols against violence, gang activity and gun crimes in the highest-crime ‘hot spots.’† Broken windows policing has also been criticized for its potential to encourage unequal, potentially discriminatory enforcement practices such as racial profiling, too often with disastrous results. Arising from objections to practices like â€Å"Stop-and-Frisk,† critics point to the case of Eric Garner, an unarmed black man killed by a New York City police officer in 2014. After observing Garner standing on a street corner in a high-crime area of Staten Island, police suspected him of selling â€Å"loosies,† untaxed cigarettes. When, according to the police report, Garner resisted arrest, an officer took him to the ground in a chock hold. An hour later, Garner died in the hospital of what the coroner determined to be homicide resulting from, â€Å"Compression of neck, compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police.† After a grand jury failed to indict the officer involved, anti-police protests broke out in several cities. Since then, and due to the deaths of other unarmed black men accused of minor crimes predominantly by white police officers, more sociologists and criminologists have questioned the effects of broken windows theory policing. Critics argue that it is racially discriminatory, as police statistically tend to view, and thus, target, non-whites as suspects in low-income, high-crime areas. According to Paul Larkin, Senior Legal Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, established historic evidence shows that persons of color are more likely than whites to be detained, questioned, searched, and arrested by police. Larkin suggests that this happens more often in areas chosen for broken windows-based policing due to a combination of: the individual’s race, police officers being tempted to stop minority suspects because they statistically appear to commit more crimes, and the tacit approval of those practices by police officials. Sources and Further Reference Wilson, James Q; Kelling, George L (Mar 1982), â€Å"Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety.† The Atlantic.Harcourt, Bernard E. â€Å"Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City a Five-City Social Experiment.† University of Chicago Law Review (June 2005).Fagan, Jeffrey and Davies, Garth. â€Å"Street Stops and Broken Windows.† Fordham Urban Law Journal (2000).Taibbi, Matt. â€Å"The Lessons of the Eric Garner Case.† Rolling Stone (November 2018).Herbert, Steve; Brown, Elizabeth (September 2006). â€Å"Conceptions of Space and Crime in the Punitive Neoliberal City.† Antipode.Larkin, Paul. â€Å"Flight, Race, and Terry Stops: Commonwealth v.Warren.† The Heritage Foundation.

The Extinction of Penguins Free Essays

Emperor Penguins have been around for millions of years. Although they are a type of bird they can not fly. They walk, slide on their stomachs, or swim. We will write a custom essay sample on The Extinction of Penguins or any similar topic only for you Order Now They can swim up to nine kilometers an hour. That is faster than an average person can run. Emperor Penguins can hold their breath over twenty minutes and dive over eighteen hundred feet. Another interesting fact about them is that they show no aggression towards humans. The real question is though whether or not Emperor Penguins are on their way to extinction? Some of the reasons why we may think this would be climate change, depletion in food supply, pollution, tagging, and their predators. Climate change is the reason for the Emperor Penguin population to decline by fifty percent over the past fifty years. Penguins use the ice to escape from predators, and to raise their chicks. A temperature increase of 2. 1 degrees Celsius will jeopardize forty percent of the world’s Emperor Penguins. When the ice melts before the chicks have matured and grown their waterproof feathers, chicks that are swept into the ocean are likely to die. If the ice isn’t sturdy enough to last until when the chicks are ready to head out to sea, they aren’t going to be able to raise them. The loss of sea ice for adult penguins can lead to lower food availability, which can result in increased mortality. In Antarctica an Emperor colony has declined from 250 pairs to 10 pairs since 1960, due to rapid loss of the sea ice. Since global climate change has been causing the rapid melting of sea ice, the amount of krill in the southern oceans has decreased in recent years. Krill in which many penguins feed upon, survive by feeding off the algae which forms on the underside of the sea ice. So the reduction in sea-ice which has resulted from climate change has meant there has been much less food for penguins to eat. If this continues to happen the Emperor Penguin population is going to keep on declining. Over fishing of krill, and fish is another factor in helping penguins become extinct. It is putting pressure on food chains and food availability for penguins. Industrial fisheries deplete the penguins’ food supply and entangle and drown the penguins in longlines and other destructive fishing gear. The more fish and krill being caught by humans the less food there is for penguins to be able to eat. Ocean acidification which is caused by the absorption of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the oceans is also harming penguins. Plankton is a major part of the food chain for many fish on which penguins feed. As gases are absorbed into the oceans, they become less hospitable places for plankton and other organisms to live which is less food penguins have to eat. Oil pollution kills tens of thousands of penguins annually. The oil destroys the natural water repellent on their feathers, causing the birds to become vulnerable to hypothermia. Penguins also consume the oil while trying to groom, poisoning them and causing internal organ damage. The oil also kills the penguins’ food and poisons the penguins when trying to eat contaminated fish. The banding of penguins is another issue contributing to the declining population of penguins. The first evidence that flipper bands might be causing damage to penguins came in the 1970s. Zoos reported that the bands would wound penguins’ flippers, especially during the yearly molt, when flippers enlarge. Over a ten year period, banded penguins produced thirty-nine percent fewer chicks and had a sixteen percent lower survival rate than unbanded birds. Banded penguins also had less time and energy to reproduce and care for their young because they spent more time searching for food and provisions and arrived more than two weeks late to breeding areas. The penguins wearing bands expend twenty-four percent more energy while swimming and attract the attention of predators. Rory Wilson, an ecologist at Swansea University said the extra baggage likely increased the drag penguins experienced and impaired their athletic ability. How to cite The Extinction of Penguins, Essay examples

Progressivism Essays - Theodore Roosevelt, , Term Papers

Progressivism Movements I. The Origins of Progressivism A. A Spirit of Reform in the late 1800's 1. Henry George believed that poverty could be eliminated by using land productively by everyone. Also taxing the nonproductive more than the productive. 2. Edward Bellamy believed that the government should create a trust to take care of the needs of the people rather than profit. 3. Many groups wanted change for the majority of people such as the socialist, the union members and members of municipal or city government levels. 4. Municipal reforms in the late 1800's and early 1900's that gave cities limited self-rule rather than state rule are known as Home Rule. B. Progressivism Takes Hold 1. Progressivism aspects of reform from many programs and other movements. 2. Because they were afraid of losing their high standard of living, progressives' were afraid of revolution. 3. Progressives believed that the government should play a bigger role in regulating transportation and utilities. 4. Develop better social welfare programs. 5. The suffrage movement became a big issue among women. 6. Child labor laws as well as many other things were brought about by government regulations. C. Progressive Methods 1. Journalist also helped create support by alerting the public to wrong doing or muckrakers. 2. Investigating the issue then publicizing the results putting pressure on legislators to take action is known as Systematic manner. D. Florence Kelley 1. Kelley was recommended for investigating the labor conditions around Chicago. 2. Kelley earned a law degree so that she could prosecute violators of child labor laws as well as regulations in sweatshops. 3. Kelley believed in municipal reforms after a political favor placed another inspector in her place. 4. 1899 National Consumers League was organized (NCL) II. Progressivism: Its Legislative Impacts A. Urban Reform 1. Reform began mostly at the city level 2. Some machine politicians worked with reformers to improve voter registration, city services, established health programs and enforced tenant codes. 3. By 1915 two out of three cities owned utilities. 4. Welfare services were put into effect. 5. Hazen Pingree put in parks, baths, and put into effect a work-relief program. B. Reforms at the State Level 1. Progressive governors also got involved with the movement. 2. LaFollette brought about a direct primary in which voters elect nominees for upcoming elections. 3. Employers and employees negotiating differences as well as workers accident insurance became major reforms in the work place. 4. The Supreme Court said that it was illegal to set maximum hours for workers because it violated the individuals right to make a contract with the employer - 1905 Lochner vs. New York. 5. The Supreme Court upheld a decision that limited women's work hours to 10 hours per day - 1905 Muller vs. Oregon. 6. The National Child Labor Committee convinced about 30 states to abolish Child Labor by 1907 . 7. In 1912 minimum wage for women and children was put into effect in Massachusetts. 8. Women were replaced with men because they would work longer for less wages 9. Women's push for voting rights was stifled by the belief that females are physically weaker. D. Reforms at the Federal Level 1. The United Mine Workers called a strike lasting until Teddy Roosevelt insisted that both sides submit to arbitration - May, 1902. 2. A process in which an impartial third party decides on a legally binding solution is known as arbitration. 3. Teddy Roosevelt threatened to use the army to take over the mines if the owners didn't accept the agreement. 4. "Square Deal" reduced miner's hours from 10 to 9 and gave the miners a 10% raise while not officially recognizing the minor's union. 5. The Hepburn Act authorized the IEC to limit rates if the shippers complained them unfair - 1906. 6. The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats - 1906. 7. Holding companies are corporations that hold the stocks and bonds of numerous companies thus achieving a monopoly. 8. John Muir and John Wesley Powell urged congress, in 1872, to establish Yellow Stone as the United States first national park. 9. Yosemite in California became a national park in 1890. 10. A National Reclamation Act (1902) aimed at planning and developing irrigation projects aroused controversy between city residents and farmers over use or water. 11. 1912 the United States government set up a Children's Bureau within the Department of Labor. 12. Women's Bureau was also established in 1920. 13. Mary Anderson and Julia

Genetic Engineering, history and future Essays - Molecular Biology

Genetic Engineering, history and future Essays - Molecular Biology Genetic Engineering, history and future Altering the Face of Science Science is a creature that continues to evolve at a much higher rate than the beings that gave it birth. The transformation time from tree-shrew, to ape, to human far exceeds the time from analytical engine, to calculator, to computer. But science, in the past, has always remained distant. It has allowed for advances in production, transportation, and even entertainment, but never in history will science be able to so deeply affect our lives as genetic engineering will undoubtedly do. With the birth of this new technology, scientific extremists and anti-technologists have risen in arms to block its budding future. Spreading fear by misinterpretation of facts, they promote their hidden agendas in the halls of the United States congress. Genetic engineering is a safe and powerful tool that will yield unprecedented results, specifically in the field of medicine. It will usher in a world where gene defects, bacterial disease, and even aging are a thing of the past. By understanding genetic engineering and its history, discovering its possibilities, and answering the moral and safety questions it brings forth, the blanket of fear covering this remarkable technical miracle can be lifted. The first step to understanding genetic engineering, and embracing its possibilities for society, is to obtain a rough knowledge base of its history and method. The basis for altering the evolutionary process is dependant on the understanding of how individuals pass on characteristics to their offspring. Genetics achieved its first foothold on the secrets of nature's evolutionary process when an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel developed the first "laws of heredity." Using these laws, scientists studied the characteristics of organisms for most of the next one hundred years following Mendel's discovery. These early studies concluded that each organism has two sets of character determinants, or genes (Stableford 16). For instance, in regards to eye color, a child could receive one set of genes from his father that were encoded one blue, and the other brown. The same child could also receive two brown genes from his mother. The conclusion for this inheritance would be the child has a three in four chance of having brown eyes, and a one in three chance of having blue eyes (Stableford 16). Genes are transmitted through chromosomes which reside in the nucleus of every living organism's cells. Each chromosome is made up of fine strands of deoxyribonucleic acids, or DNA. The information carried on the DNA determines the cells function within the organism. Sex cells are the only cells that contain a complete DNA map of the organism, therefore, "the structure of a DNA molecule or combination of DNA molecules determines the shape, form, and function of the [organism's] offspring " (Lewin 1). DNA discovery is attributed to the research of three scientists, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and James Dewey Watson in 1951. They were all later accredited with the Nobel Price in physiology and medicine in 1962 (Lewin 1). "The new science of genetic engineering aims to take a dramatic short cut in the slow process of evolution" (Stableford 25). In essence, scientists aim to remove one gene from an organism's DNA, and place it into the DNA of another organism. This would create a new DNA strand, full of new encoded instructions; a strand that would have taken Mother Nature millions of years of natural selection to develop. Isolating and removing a desired gene from a DNA strand involves many different tools. DNA can be broken up by exposing it to ultra-high-frequency sound waves, but this is an extremely inaccurate way of isolating a desirable DNA section (Stableford 26). A more accurate way of DNA splicing is the use of "restriction enzymes, which are produced by various species of bacteria" (Clarke 1). The restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand at a particular location called a nucleotide base, which makes up a DNA molecule. Now that the desired portion of the DNA is cut out, it can be joined to another strand of DNA by using enzymes called ligases. The final important step in the creation of a new DNA strand is giving it the ability to self-replicate. This can be accomplished by using special pieces of DNA, called vectors, that permit the generation of multiple copies of a total DNA strand and fusing it to the newly created DNA structure. Another newly developed method, called polymerase chain reaction, allows for faster replication of DNA

War of 1812 USS Constitution

War of 1812 USS Constitution Shorn of the protection of the Royal Navy, the merchant marine of the young United States began to suffer attacks from North African Barbary pirates in the mid-1780s. In response, President George Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794. This authorized the building of six frigates with the restriction that construction would halt if a peace agreement was reached. Designed by Joshua Humphreys, the construction of the vessels was assigned to various ports on the East Coast. The frigate assigned to Boston was dubbed USS Constitution and was laid down at Edmund Hartts yard on November 1, 1794. Aware that the U.S. Navy would be unable to match the fleets of Britain and France, Humphreys designed his frigates to be able to overpower similar foreign ships but still be fast enough to escape larger ships of the line. Possessing a long keel and narrow beam, Constitutions framing was made of live oak and included diagonal riders which increased the hulls strength and aided in preventing hogging. Heavily planked, Constitutions hull was stronger than similar vessels of its class. Copper bolts and other hardware for the vessel were made by Paul Revere. Key Facts Nation: United StatesBuilder: Edmund Hartts Shipyard, Boston, MALaunched: October 21, 1797Maiden Voyage: July 22, 1798Fate: Museum ship at Boston, MA Specifications of the USS Constitution Ship Type: FrigateDisplacement: 2,200 tonsLength: 175 ft. (waterline)Beam: 43.5 ft.Draft: 21 ft. - 23 ft.Complement: 450Speed: 13 knots Armament 30 x 24-pdrs2 x 24-pdrs (bow chasers)20 x 32-pdr carronades USS Constitution The Quasi-War Though a peace settlement was reached with Algiers in 1796, Washington permitted the three ships nearest completion to be finished. As one of the three, Constitution was launched, with some difficulty, on October 21, 1797. Completed the following year, the frigate readied for service under the command of Captain Samuel Nicholson. Though rated at forty-four guns, Constitution typically mounted around fifty. Putting to sea on July 22, 1798, Constitution began patrols to protect American commerce during the Quasi-War with France. Operating on the East Coast and in the Caribbean, Constitution conducted escort duty and patrolled for French privateers and warships. The highlight of its Quasi-War service came on May 11, 1799 when Constitutions sailors and marines, led by Lieutenant Isaac Hull, seized the French privateer Sandwich near Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo. Continuing its patrols after the conflict ended in 1800, Constitution returned to Boston two years later and was placed in ordinary. This proved brief as the frigate was re-commissioned for service in the First Barbary War in May 1803. USS Constitution and the First Barbary War Commanded by Captain Edward Preble, Constitution arrived at Gibraltar on September 12 and was joined by additional American ships. Crossing to Tangier, Preble exacted a peace treaty before departing on October 14. Overseeing American efforts against the Barbary states, Preble began a blockade of Tripoli and worked to free the crew of USS Philadelphia (36 guns) which had run aground in the harbor on October 31. Unwilling to allow the Tripolitans to keep Philadelphia, Preble dispatched Lieutenant Stephen Decatur on a daring mission which destroyed the frigate on February 16, 1804. Through the summer, Preble mounted attacks against Tripoli with small gunboats and used his frigates to provide fire support. In September, Preble was replaced in overall command by Commodore Samuel Barron. Two months later, he turned command of Constitution over to Captain John Rodgers. Following the American victory at the Battle of Derna in May 1805, a peace treaty with Tripoli was signed aboard Constitution on June 3. The American squadron then moved to Tunis where a similar agreement was obtained. With peace in the region, Constitution remained in the Mediterranean until returning in late 1807. USS Constitution  and the War of 1812 During the winter of 1808, Rodgers supervised a major overhaul of the ship until passing command to Hull, now a captain, in June 1810. After a cruise to Europe in 1811-1812, Constitution was in the Chesapeake Bay when news arrived that the War of 1812 had begun. Departing the bay, Hull sailed north with the goal of joining a squadron that Rodgers was assembling. While off the coast of New Jersey, Constitution was spotted by a group of British warships. Pursued for over two days in light winds, Hull used a variety of tactics, including kedge anchors, to escape. Arriving at Boston, Constitution quickly resupplied before sailing on August 2. Moving northeast, Hull captured three British merchantmen and learned that a British frigate was sailing to the south. Moving to intercept, Constitution encountered HMS Guerriere (38) on August 19. In a sharp fight, Constitution dismasted its opponent and forced it to surrender. During the battle, several of Guerrieres cannon balls were seen to bounce off Constitutions thick sides leading it to earn the nickname Old Ironsides. Returning to port, Hull and his crew were hailed as heroes. On September 8, Captain William Bainbridge took command and Constitution returned to sea. Sailing south with the sloop of war USS Hornet, Bainbridge blockaded the corvette HMS Bonne Citoyenne (20) at Salvador, Brazil. Leaving Hornet to watch the port, he maneuvered offshore seeking prizes. On December 29, Constitution spotted the frigate HMS Java (38). Engaging, Bainbridge captured the British ship after causing its foremast to collapse. Needing repairs, Bainbridge returned to Boston, arriving in February 1813. Requiring an overhaul, Constitution entered the yard and work began under the guidance of Captain Charles Stewart. Sailing for the Caribbean on December 31, Stewart captured five British merchant ships and HMS Pictou (14) before being forced back to port due to issues with the main mast. Pursued north, he ran into Marblehead harbor before slipping down the coast to Boston. Blockaded at Boston until December 1814, Constitution next steered for Bermuda and then Europe. On February 20, 1815, Stewart engaged and captured the sloops of war HMS Cyane (22) and HMS Levant (20). Arriving in Brazil in April, Stewart learned of the wars end and returned to New York. Later Career of the USS Constitution With the end of the war, Constitution was laid up at Boston. Re-commissioned in 1820, it served in the Mediterranean Squadron until 1828. Two years later, an erroneous rumor that the U.S. Navy intended to scrap the ship led to public outrage and caused Oliver Wendell Holmes to pen the poem Old Ironsides. Repeatedly overhauled, Constitution saw service in the Mediterranean and Pacific during the 1830s before embarking on an around the world cruise in 1844-1846. Following a return to the Mediterranean in 1847, Constitution served as flagship of the U.S. African Squadron from 1852 to 1855. Arriving home, the frigate became a training ship at the U.S. Naval Academy from 1860 to 1871 when it was replaced by USS Constellation (22). In 1878-1879, Constitution carried exhibits to Europe for display at the Paris Exposition. Returning, it ultimately was made a receiving ship at Portsmouth, NH. In 1900, the first efforts were made to restore the ship and seven years later it opened for tours. Heavily restored in the early 1920s, Constitution embarked on a national tour in 1931-1934. Further restored several times during the 20th century, Constitution is currently docked at Charlestown, MA as a museum ship. USS Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship in the U.S. Navy.

The ableist conflation by Joel Reynolds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The ableist conflation by Joel Reynolds - Essay Example As many groups have done, disabled people have been engaged in what Anspach calls â€Å"identity politics†; politics that endeavor not only to change society’s conception and response to disabled people, but also to change the self-concepts of disabled people themselves. The work of disabled people in changing how they think about themselves continues, as the disability community struggles for self-definition and self-determination, as well as for civil rights. One of the most important problems facing the political struggle of people with disabilities is the necessity of developing a positive sense of identity. The very idea of a positive disability identity flies in the face of long-standing social â€Å"wisdom† about disability. The reason for this lies in the cultural beliefs about disability that have determined the status and perceptions of disabled people in our society today. Historically, disabled people were viewed as social and moral deviants, violations of the natural and cosmic order of the universe (Reynold, J). The response to such â€Å"deviance† was to protect society by separating disabled people from society in asylums, jails, basements, attics, etc. Disabled people were not considered fully human, had no role in society, and no basis for a positive social identity The theories of psychosocial identity development in onset disability, particularly minority identity development, provide a useful framework for exploring the concept of disability identity development as a minority culture phenomenon. Within the literature of identity development, few theorists have explicitly addressed the issue of disability, yet the models provide fertile ground for exploration. In contrast, an extensive body of rehabilitation literature exists that is grounded in the medical view of disability that has generated research findings that support and reinforce a medical

Raman Spectroscopy of Toluene and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Lab Report

Raman Spectroscopy of Toluene and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G - Lab Report Example In Raman spectroscopy, light and matter interacts. Both IR and Raman vibrational bands are described by their frequency (i.e energy), band shape, and intensity. At low frequencies, the fingerprint region is found for most compounds. Raman spectroscopy is much easier to use at low frequencies compared to IR, this is because at low frequencies very many bands are visible on the spectrum. With Raman spectroscopy, it is possible to reject the laser beam at low frequency modes; this would minimize the bands that are seen at the fingerprint region. With IR, this is not possible, and as a result the spectrum cannot be refined to reduce the congestion of peaks. Toluene (methylbenzene) has a CH3 group attached to the benzene ring, for IR spectroscopy, the CH3 group exists at just below 1500 cm-1. This is just at the start of the fingerprint region; therefore Raman spectroscopy would be much better at elucidating its structure over IR. Fluorescence is a spectrochemical method of analysis where the molecules of the analyte are excited by irradiation at a certain wavelength and emit radiation of a different wavelength. The emission spectrum provides information for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When light of an appropriate wavelength is absorbed by a molecule (i.e., excitation), the electronic state of the molecule changes from the ground state to one of many vibrational levels in one of the excited electronic states. The excited electronic state is usually the first excited singlet state, S1 (Figure 1). Once the molecule is in this excited state, relaxation can occur through several processes. Fluorescence is one of these processes and results in the emission of light. Fluorescence corresponds to the relaxation of the molecule from the singlet excited state to the singlet ground state with emission of light. Fluorescence has short lifetime (~10-8 sec) so that in many molecules it can compete favorably with collision deactivation, intersystem crossing and

Defining Rural Tourism And Farm Tourism Tourism Essay

Defining Rural Tourism And Farm Tourism Tourism Essay India is sitting on the blitzkrieg of becoming a super power and it is the Indian rural sector that is going to drive that super growth. The Government of India has made rural economic development in general, and rural infrastructure development in particular, is a key priority. India has launched the Bharat Nirman (Building India) program, which entails investing over US $ 40 Billion, equivalent to 5 per cent of FY2005 GDP, in six critical areas of rural infrastructure over four years starting from 2005. A part of this project aims at improving the tourism and recreation in these areas. Jafari and Ritchie (1981) defined tourism as an interdisciplinary study which integrates a variety of subjects, disciplines and focuses and can be seen from numerous points of views and approaches. The tourism as a central study can be studied from many focuses and created into a new form tourism development model as pictured below. (3) A consequential element resulted from the two preceding elements which is concerned with effects on the economic, physical and social subsystems. Some external variables such as rising earnings, mobility increase, level of education increase, and desire to escape from pressure of day-to-day urban living generate effective demands on tourism which stimulate the rise of various forms of tourisms such as recreational tourism, cultural tourism, health tourism, conference tourism, historical tourism, eco tourism, etcetera (Wall and Mathieson, 1982). Defining rural: Definitions of rural vary both in scale and philosophy. They tend to express cultural differences between and functional requirements within, regions and countries, the varying parameters of which supranational overviews have attempted to grapple. While national governments use specific criteria to define rural often based on the population density of settlements there is no universal agreement on the critical population threshold which distinguishes between urban and rural populations (Boedewes, 1981). OECD defines rural area as At a local level a population density of 150 persons per square kilometre is the preferred criterion. At the regional level, geographic units are grouped by the share of their population that is rural into the following three types: predominantly rural (50%), significantly rural (15-50%) and urbanized rural (15%) (OECD, 1994). According to National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) rural areas in India are defined as those areas which have a population density Defining rural tourism and farm tourism: A variety of terms are employed to describe tourism activity in rural areas: agritourism, farm tourism, rural tourism, soft tourism and several others which have often been used interchangeably. The term agri/farm tourism often used to describe all tourism activities in rural areas more frequently related to tourism products which are directly connected with the agrarian environment, agrarian products or agrarian stays: staying on a farm or near the fields, educational visits, meals, recreational activities and such ( Sharpley and Sharpley, 1997). Agrotourism is businesses conducted by farmers whose working agricultural operations for the enjoyment and education of visitors. In extensions meaning, agrotourism presents the potential generating farm revenues and increasing profitability. Additionally, visitors of agrotourism contact directly with farmers and support the increase of agriculture products indirectly (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005). Farm tourism is largely considered as a subset of rural tourism and is quite often based on an active working farm and farmer (Nilsson, 2002). Clarke (1996) elaborates that in farm tourism, the core essence of farming, its scenic beauty, accommodation and activities such as farming, riding a tractor, picking produce are preserved and involves tremendous experience in its activities. Activities on farm offer experience and opportunities to learn about the rural life and agriculture technique of the country, to understand and experience the preserved tradition, calmness, peace, clean fresh environment, contact with animals and traditional farm meals (Nilsson, 2002 and Fleischer and Tchetchik, 2005). Key elements of pure farm tourism (Lane 1994): Located in rural areas Functionally rural: built upon rural worlds special features of small scale enterprise, open space, contact with nature and the natural world, heritage, traditional societies and traditional practices Provides personalized contact Rural in scale-both in terms of buildings and settlements and therefore usually small scale Traditional in character, growing slowly and organically and connected with local families. It will often to be largely controlled and developed for the long term good of the area Of many different kinds, representing the complex patterns of rural environment, economy, history and location. A high percentage of tourism revenue benefiting the rural community. Tourism versus Farm Tourism: According to Shaw and Williams (2004), there have been various definitional issues regarding what tourism is. They indicate that a broad outlook of tourism allows for the identification of tourism between countries and also tourism within a country. Vanhove (2005) sees tourism is seen as any activity related to momentary movement of people to a place outside their normal places of residence and employment, and the activities they engage in during the stay. Farm tourism began in earnest after World War II, although its beginning is rooted in the concept of social tourism that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s (Pearce, 1990). Farm tourism as used by Roberts and Hall (2001) refers to stays in rural homesteads where farming is practiced either full-time or part-time. Farm tourism is often used interchangeably with agritourism (Oppermann, 1997). Farm tourism is a sub-division of agritourism. It involves activities carried out on working farms where the working environment forms part of the product from the perception of the consumer (Roberts and Hall, 2001). Farm tourism involves engaging the farm more than the primary production of food, fibre and raw materials. It may sometimes involve activities off the farm in addition to accommodation on the farm (Roberts and Hall, 2001). A number of studies on farm tourism consider it as an economic alternative for farmers who are facing decreased profits and difficulties generated by the agricultural crisis and restructuring. The opportunity to engage in activities that are negatively correlated with farming and the prospect of increasing farm income by spreading costs is probably the greatest advantage of incorporating tourism into the farm business. Because of the problems in agriculture, diversification has been viewed as a means of survival for farm business, with tourism thought to be an attractive and feasible option open to farmers (Glenn et al. 1997). There has been a discussion on the livelihood assets of farm households in the context of human (i.e. skills and knowledge), economic (i.e. land, capital and labour), environmental (i.e. landscape features, clean air and water), social (i.e. networks and social interaction), cultural (i.e. include history, tradition, folklore and cultural heritage) and political (i.e. decision making power and influence on policies) that are available for and that can be exploited in the diversification process. In essence, when farmers utilize the potential opportunity for farm tourism and diversify, they shield themselves against the constraints of the cost-price squeeze and income decline (Barlett, 1993). Significance of farm tourism: Various estimates suggest that tourism in rural areas make up 10-20% of all tourism activity. Lane (1994) survey pointed out that there is absence of any systematic source of data on rural tourism, since neither the World Tourism Organization(WTO) nor the Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has appropriate measures. Several constraints on accurate and comparatively meaningful data relating to rural tourism and recreation therefore persist: Differences in national definition and enumeration: one country may include only farm and nature tourism, while another will consider many economic activities outside of urban areas to be a part of rural tourism; Many rural tourists and recreationalists are excursionists (day visitors) rather than those who make overnight stays (the extend of whom can to be some extent be measured in terms of bed-nights) Rural tourisms very diversity and fragmentation whereby tens of thousands of enterprises and public initiatives are active across the world. Rural environments have a long history of being managed for recreation purposes and this symbiotic relationship has had important impacts on both environment and activity. Farm tourism is one area under rural tourism, which is a sub-division of rural tourism that can help generate income and employment (Novelli and Robinson, 2005 and Sharpley and Sharpley, 1997). Hence, farm tourism is becoming widely seen as a means to tackle the socio economic problem of rural and agricultural sector (Sharpley and Vas, 2005). As farm tourism has the potential to offer experiential service to tourist, understanding this experience proves beneficial to improve service (McIntosh and Bonnemann, 2006), also as farm tourism takes places in rural setting offering traditional service; understanding tourist motivation seems important. Range of tourism and recreation activities in rural areas ( Thibal 1988) modified Touring Hiking Cycling Nature parks Bird watching Rural heritage studies Local industrial, agricultural or craft enterprises Courses in crafts Artistic expression workshops Folk groups Cultural, gastronomic and other routes Water related activities Fishing Swimming Boating Hallmark events Rural sporting events (eg, Jallikatu sport in Tamil nadu) Agricultural shows Business related Small scale conventions Incentive tourism short brakes Passive activities Relaxing holidays in a rural milieu Nature study in outdoor settings Photography Landscape appreciation Embacher (1994) identifies the contributions of farm tourism to the farming sector. The first recognition is that farm tourism provides more economic income for farmers, thus the farmers are able to cope and remain self employed in times of negative changes in the prices of agricultural produce/commodities. The second is that farm tourism provides an avenue for the direct sale of produce from farm. The third is that farm tourism contributes to the economic survival of farmers experiencing the effects of stiff competition, and changes in agricultural and trade policies. Impacts of farm tourism: Although tourism continues to be viewed by some as a panacea for the economic and social ills of the countryside it: Is essentially an economic tool Needs to be part of a portfolio of strategies contributing to successful rural development Is not appropriate in all rural areas, but opportunity costs and factors for its comparative advantage will vary considerably from one type of rural area to another. Economic factors reducing tourisms effectiveness as a rural development tool include income leakages, volatility, a declining multiplier, low pay, and imported labour, the limited number of entrepreneurs in rural areas and the conservatism of investors. Rural tourism is better suited to act as a complement to an existing thriving and diverse rural economy (Butler and Clark 1992). Tourism plays an increasingly important and diversified role in local development, especially in revitalizing and reorganizing local economies, and improving the quality of life. Tourist flows can be generators of at least supplementary income in farming, craft and service sectors. Rendering the possibility to realize the economic value of specific, quality based production of food stuff as well as of unused and abandoned buildings, unique scenery, space and culture. Despite often being characterized by host-guest differences, rural tourism can open up the possibility of new social contacts, especially in breaking down the isolation of more remote areas and social groups. Opportunities to revaluate heritage and its symbols the environment and the identity of rural places is also promoted by rural tourism. Rural tourism development strategies should assist policies of environmental and social sustainability (Cavaco, 1995). Farm tourism generates a significant contribution to the rural development process in rural areas and does indeed do so in many cases (Busby and Rendle, 2000). The contributions could be in the forms of income increase and job opportunities, exchange between rural and urban areas, multiplier effects particularly for small-scale direct investments, strengthening local or regional structures by creating networks and the like, stimulating physical infrastructure developments, increasing the diversity of economic activities, raising awareness of the value of an area, such as its landscape, nature and culture, and the economic potencies, as well as improving the infrastructure which enable to provide opportunities for other economic developments. The negative impacts of agrotourism development will occur when the development ignores the development principles and ethics. The potential negative impacts which may occur such as degradation of environment and local culture qualities, and economics gaps among the regions (Henegan, 2002) Concept of Farm Diversification Fundamental processes of restructuring, the decline in farm income and a dwindling farm population have characterized the agricultural sector of industrial society. Tapping into opportunities such as farm tourism can have significant potential for farmers. The identification and promotion of farms as a result of their location, natural attraction and tourist-oriented facilities is essential in the process of diversification. The key feature of diversification is that it seeks to encourage investment in sectors that are usually different from those in which recent hardships have befallen (Lobao, L. and Meyer, 2001). There are three common means of farm diversification (The Centre for Rural Research (2003). The first is agricultural diversification which is the use of farm resources to produce new sources of income (e.g. crop products, animal products, and farm woodland). The second is structural or business diversification. In this case, farm households have a variety of income from business activities (e.g. tourism, and value added activities) that are run on the farm or are partly dependent on the farm based land and capital assets. The third is passive diversification which includes leasing of agricultural land and buildings. Factors that Determine Diversification into Farm Tourism Shaw and Williams (2004) shed light on the factors that influence the decision of farm households regarding diversification and what types of alternative enterprise to diversify into. These factors according to Wheelen and Hunger (2004) are the external and internal stimuli. The external stimuli stems from the external environment. They refer to the opportunities and threats that the farm household is exposed to (e.g. external capital sources, legal frameworks, market trends, change in technology, and sociocultural trends). The internal stimuli refer to strengths and weaknesses that are likely to determine if the enterprise will be able to take advantage of opportunities. These internal stimuli include profitability, availability of time, and family life course. More apparent farm tourism activities include accommodation, (e.g. bed breakfast, farm accommodation, ranch) and recreational activities (e.g. wildlife viewing, hunting, fishing, and horseback riding) (Clarke, 1996). Others include educational activities (e.g. garden or nursery tours, historical agricultural display tours, and agricultural technical tours), direct farm product sales (e.g. on the farm sales of farm produce, pick your own operations, and sale of agricultural related crafts), entertainment activities (e.g. barn dances, harvest festivals and hunting) (Matthews, 2004). Motivation : Tourists opting for rural tourism such as farm tourism do so in order to satisfy their needs, wants and are likely to chose destinations that are not just rural in physical features but also stimulate them psychologically through the image it portrays (Frochot, 2005 and Bramwell and Lane 1994). Sharpley (1996) stresses that tourist opting for tourism in rural areas are in fact trying to seek peace tranquillity, space, authenticity, tradition, simplicity all of which would help urban dwellers relieve stress. According to study conducted by Hopkins (1998) revealed that the motivational factors for tourist to respond to rural tourism advertisements was because it satiated the desire to escape to different environment in order to enjoy experience of different quality and authenticity. Another study conducted by Huang and Tsai (2003) reports that the prospects of socializing and interacting, participating and experiencing novel situations, escape from stressed life were some underlying mo tives for travel to rural destinations. These motives could also be applicable for farm tourists. Hence, it can be assumed that evidently urban dwellers are motivated to opt for farm tourism to escape from the stressful, mundane life. In order to understand tourist travel behaviour Crompton(1979) mentions that identifying motivation is the key factor. Motivation surfaces the reason behind travel and participation in travel activities (Jang, Bai, Hu, Wu, 2009). The literature constantly mention that motivation is the driving force that make individuals take actions( Park and Yoon, 2009). Hence, it is crucial that study be conducted on tourist motivation as it would aid point out elements that could be promoted inorder to entice tourist to particular destination that match their motivation to travel(Kozak, 2001). Motivation is the key to create attitude for opting a destination and also generating expectation which when fulfilled, all ultimately forms the bases that influences the image of a destination (Rodriguez del Bosque, San Martin, Collado and Garcia de los Salmones,2009). Though motivation reveals the key question why people travel, it also helps understanding the psychological factors ( Gnoth, 1997, Goossens , 2000). Moutinho (2000) mentions motivation as the dominant component that influences human behaviour. It also serves as a driving force to satiate individuals physiological and psychological needs ( Berkman, Lindquist and Sirgy, 1997). According to Cohen (1974) studies undertaken to understand the motives behind travel help realize the social and psychological facts of tourism. Thus motivational reasons can be seen as a psychological need that cause disequilibrium and is satiated through travel experience( Crompton, 1979 ; Kim, Crompton and Botha, 2000). In other words, the motivation to travel arises when individuals desire to fullfill their need deficiency ( Mill and Morrison, 2002). Maslows theory of needs seems to be widely adapted in literature, however researcher also point out the theory weakness and mention that motivation to fullfill ones needs, need not start from bottom to up but multiple needs could arise in random order in Maslows hierarchy( Goebel and Brown, 1981). Criticism of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory also includes that the concepts are generalized and posses a barrier to be tested, as precise measuring to understand the flow of needs is not possible( Schniffman and Kanuk, 1997). The earliest study on identifying motives behind travel were put forth by Lundberg(1971), by identifying assumed 18 motivation factors. Later on bases on indepth interview Crompton(1979) based on this study put forth 9 motives that influence people to travel and were based on sociopsychological and cultural motives or push and pull motives. Sociopsychological needs or push factor are internal and influence individuals to travel and pull factor are external that influeces individual to travel to a particular destination because of its influencing attraction on the pull factor(Oh, Uysal and Weaver, 1995). For example the desire to escape for a stress life could be considered as the push factor and with farm tourism capable to offer scenic calm uncrowned environment could be considered a pull factor that might satiate an individuals need to escape. Understanding motivation has also interested studies related to decision making, market segmentation and destination choice(Jang, Bai, HU an d Wu, 2009). These factors were then generalized by Goeldner and Ritchie(2003) under the typology such as (a) physical (b) cultural (c) interpersonal (d) prestige. Authors commonly accept Cromptons model when it comes to the study of tourist motivation as it helps understand tourists intangible intrinsic motive behind choice of destination ( Kozak, 2001 and Bansal and Eiselt, 2004). Several studies have gone about adapting Cromptons theory to find motivational factors of nationalities, senior citizens, influence of motivation on satisfaction, motives to select particular destination ( Yuan, McDonald, 1990; Zhang and Lim 1999; Yoon and Uysal, 2005; Jang and Wu, 2006). Though studies on motivations have been carried out extensively, few studies have been undertaken to understand motivation in rural settings (Park and Yoon, 2009). For this research, which will be undertaken in India, the researcher would adapt Cromptons theory to understand motives of tourist in farm tourism. From the literature, it suggests that quite evidently the motives by Crompton seem to form the backbone to understand motives of tourist to opt farm tourism. Experience: Rural tourism is know for its diversity and versatility and is commonly used as a subsititute to farm tourism, ecotourism , nature tourism or wildlife tourism; however in reality the above terms are specific to tourism with distinct activities, however with a common underlyning factor that all these forms of tourism take place in a rural setting( Sharpley, 1996). Previous researches have concentrated heavily on service delivery and service performance, however now there is growing need to have an understanding of experience derived from service industry such as tourism( Schmitt, 1999 and Pine and Gilmore, 1999). This suggests that academia lacks the study on experience derived by customers. In todays world of service industry, the importance for understanding experience has gained momentum (Miranda, 2009). Experience can be defined as events that engage individuals in a personal way ( Bigne and Andreu, 2004,p692) or the subjective mental state felt by participants during a service encounter ( Otto and Ritchie, 1996, p 166). Tourist perceive their own experience based on personal motivation and underlying reason they wish to fullfill whilst participating in activities( MacIntosh and Prentice 1999). Experience involves intermingling of various elements that fuses and influence tourist senses (Shaw and Ivens, 2002).Experience occurs when conscious state of mind is stimulated through thoughts and feeling. ODell ( 2005) mentions experiencescape as a space where individuals have the control and freedom to interact with the environment and enjoy feeling of pleasure and entertainment. Such a feeling could also be derived when engaging in farm tourism. Experience can be studied either from a marketing approach or social science approach(Mosseberg, 2007). For the study of farm tourism the researcher finds social science approapriate for farm tourism. Since from the social science perspective tourist are keen to derive experience that is different from the normal daily experiences and wish to participate is new and different activities ( Quan and Wang, 2004). This seems similar to tourist opting farm tourism as they would wish to derive a completely different feeling. The experience derived by customers from services can be generalized however experience depends on the level of participation of tourist into experiential activities offeredPine and Gilmore(1999). It is likely that tourist though would be motivated to enjoy different experience would rather not be through active participation but by passive unplanned activities (Ryan, Hughes and Chirgwin, 2000). This suggests that it is likely for tourists wanting to consume the experience of the activities in the farm, to participate either actively or passively. Service industry offering such experiential service need to concentrate and put in efforts to understand the experience perceived by consumer participating in such activities ( Schmitt, 2003). In order to do so Schmitt(2003) divided experience under sense experience that aids consumer satiate the need for scenic and tranquillity. The need for fun and pleasure as experience to feel, the desire to acquire knowledge and understand novelty as t hink-experience, Act-experience that would enhance ones lifestyle, and lastly the relate- experience that enhances ones connection and relation with others providing a feeling of importance and belonging. Xu and Chan(2010) in their discussion on experience in tourism acknowledge the dimensions of experience put forth by Otto and Ritchie, 1996 has been proved to be of value and valid for the study of experience. Hence the dimensions of experience can also be applied to understand the experience derived from the experiential services offered in farm tourism Tourists whilst consuming the experience from activites or services, could be influence with the environment the physical feature that surround the activity and this has an impact on perception of experience (Bitner, 1992). Business sectors are now focusing on studying and understanding experience and are trying to constantly create the environment in business that would provide better unique experience that would help attract more consumers. Consumers now are in the look out of activities which can be self controlled and also provide unique valued experience( Mossberg, 2007) Tourist business are putting in efforts to create such services and circumstances that could provide experience that customers are looking for and are also trying to develop strategies to attract tourist(Gilmore and Pine 2002). However, farm tourism is undoubtedly full of natural experiential activities that have the potential to offer consumers with unique experience and by understanding the experience that tou rist go through whilst indulging in farm activities, which is also the focus of this research would help in promotion that is more effective and attract more tourists. As tourism in rural settings such as farm tourism has tremendous opportunity to offer varied experience, this would positively attract to the market and could also serve as a motive for tourist to opt for such tourism (Getz and Page, 1997). When tourist consume experience, it could also be in tangible form such as the purchase of artifacts, which serves as a reminder and rejuvenation of the experience derived( Onderwater, Richards and Stam, 2000). Hedonic consumption, related to desires to undergo varied experience and when certain products are able to provide such desired experience it appeals and attracts consumers and could be considered to be a motivational factor fulfilling the desire ( Mowen and Minor, 1998). Hence, the study might help understand the experience that tourists undergo on farms and if this has been an influence on motivational factor. Bansal and Eiselt (2004) mention that experience or hedonic components of an activity are incorporated in the motive for travel. Which is also supported by Foster(1999) as he considers experience as a critical part in tourist motivation. The satisfaction of experience also directly relates to realization of motives to travel (Ross and Iso-Ahola, 1991). Thus if experien ce offered by activities in farm tourism and experience that tourist wish to seek are know it would also help satisfy the motives and in turn attract more market wishing to seek similar satisfaction. Studies examining the experiences provided at attraction to tourist is increasing( McIntosh and Siggs, 2005 ; Schanzel and McIntosh, 2000). Thus offering knowledge on the important relation tourism encounters have on visitor and their impact on providing unique benefits and satisfaction. Hence Pearce 1990 recognises the fact that tourist opting for destinations such as farm tourism have more mature motives and also expect for personal and meaningful experience above all. This suggests that apart from understanding the motives to travel to farm it is also vital to understand experience offered by farm activities.

HK study guide

Distinguish between viruses, bacteria, ricketiest, fungi, parasites, and prisons. 2. Viruses: RNA or DNA. Obligate intracellular parasites. Seek â€Å"permissive cells to infect. Some strains have shown periodic changes by have mutations and forming new strands; Require a tissue culture In order to grow; Consist of RNA or DNA In a protective globetrotting coat; Influenza – Dengue Fever ? carried by mosquito SST. Louis encephalitis virus – carried by mosquito HIVE Hepatitis – Makes skin a yellow tint; can get from tattoos and has a long term risk of lung cancer (type C) RhinocerosMeasles Norwalk virus – highly infective and can ruin Cruise ship vacations Rabies – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues and usually cause from an animal bit that opens the skin of a human; get anti-vaccine once bit Bola – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues Herpes – DNA virus; can be given antibiotics to try to fight It; Chickenpox – DNA virus Smallpox – DNA virus 3. Bacteria: free-living organisms capable of reproduction If needs are not met: nutrients, environment (e. G. Temp, aerobic/anaerobic) susceptible host (compromised immune defenses).Categorized by shape: cuscus (stash, strep, concusses, pneumatics), bacilli (tetanus, botulism), spirochetes (syphilis, Boreal, Gram+ bacteria retain the purplish stain); prokaryotic & the smallest free-living forms Staphylococcus – Streptococcus Concusses – SIT that affects mucus membranes in urethra and creates discharge and burning through urethra; cultures can show negative even when it is positive; can give children eye Infections at birth Tuberculosis – lung disorder that causes the mouth; destroys cartilage Chlamydia – get In cells but respond to antibiotics Pneumatics IncongruousClamatorial tenant – rod shaped Botulism – rod-shaped; a neurotic also used in medicine Perplexing – bacilli; gangrene Hemo philia influenza – bacillus that causes respiratory infections Bacillus anthracic – causes skin lesions and lung infections Salmonella – food poisoning Comparable – food poisoning E. Coli 01 57:HA – food poisoning; Mycobacterium tuberculosis – slow growing lung disease acquired from the air-born spread of rod-shaped bacteria that are affected by host Trepanned – spiral shaped bacteria that causes syphilis Boreal burglarproofed – spiral shaped and is carried by a tick that causes LimeTine piped – athlete's foot (foot fungus); also know as ringworm but not from a worm Tine crisis – affects the groin Candida Albanians – yeasts in the vagina (vaginas), mouth & bloodstream Pneumatics caring – one of the most common infections in AIDS patients Valley Fever – bumps on face; from mosquito in SW USA; sadomasochism's 5. Parasites: complex multiplied & single celled organisms. Ameba's, Guardia, hookworm, scriptorium's inhabit unsanitary water.Schistose, malaria plasmid, folia, noncommercial's & transportations organisms utilize other creates to omelet their lifestyles Mites Lice Plasmid follicular – causes malaria; vector is an anopheles mosquito that is the most dangerous of parasites Schistose – worms that infect the liver and bladder from a snail Tapeworm – acquired from pork or beef Hookworm – acquired from soil Circumscription – waterborne; outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 sickened 400,000 with 100 deaths Guardia – intestinal parasite acquired from rivers and streams Pedicurists pubis – the crab louse that is from a sexually transmitted disease Repressiveness – parasite in the rivers that use vectors 6.Prisons – Abnormally folded proteins that lack nucleic acids; Prisoner's 1997 Nobel Prize postulated prisons as the etiology of several encephalopathy's; Mad-cow disease Koru – affected the tribes from eating peo ple; peoples brains began to look like a sponge and caused a shivering sickness unprecedented-Jacob disease scrappier in sheep – sheep given a food called offal that had a protein-rich substance that allowed the sheep to grow quickly and caused the death of several; could be a vaccine for dementia and Alchemist's disease if found wasting diseases in deer and mink 7. Distinguish between humeral and cellular immunity. What are the functions of â€Å"B† (Plasma Cells) and â€Å"T† lymphocytes? What are Mussolini's such as Gig and IGMP? 8. Vaccines exist for a number of child hoof diseases. What are these? Which are viruses and which are bacteria? 9. Describe the stages of infection. Generalized symptoms include fever, malign, rash, paraphrasing, lymphocyte's, photographic. What are the public health implications of â€Å"carrier states† in diseases such as herpes, HIVE/AIDS, typhoid, TAB, Bola. 10. Why is it so difficult to develop effective vaccines for: ma larial, sadomasochists, HIVE? 1 1 .The sexually transmitted diseases (SST) have preventatives from nearly all of the agents discussed in class. List Studs which are viruses, bacteria, fungi, multiplied parasites. 12. Major factors which amplify epidemics: poor sanitation, poverty, high density populations, malnutrition, compromised immune responses, conflict (resulting in many displaced and wounded victims), environmental changes which favor reproduction of vectors such as insects or rodents, antigenic variation (the organism changes), behavior of the hosts (sexual contacts, unsanitary medical procedures, contaminated injections of illicit drugs, improperly treated infections).