Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Ventilation Essay, Research Paper Ventilation is the mechanical method whereby air is removed into and from the lungs. Circumstances in which a patient may require venitlatory bolster scope from apnea to patients sing down respiratory guide. In the event that the patient? s pace of take a breathing lessenings fundamentally it can take to hypercarbia, hypoxia, a brought down pH degree and a reducing in respiratory moment volume. This can result in heart or respiratory worry on the off chance that it isn? T amended. Terminated air airing has been acknowledged as the method of pick since the late fiftiess. It has been demonstrated to be a solid example for the two experts and lay people including youthful children more than 5 mature ages old enough. Ventilation using the lapsed quality of the rescuer can be applied to the oral cavity or olfactory organ of the adult casualty and to the oral depression and olfactory organ of the infant. Mouth-to-Mouth airing and Mouth-to-Nose airing can flexibly strong ventilatory help to a patient. A significant bit of leeway of these strategies for airing is that no hardware is required to practically offer ventilatory help to the patient. In any case, the disservice of these strategies for ventilatory help are that the two techniques just offer a constrained O gracefully because of the way that O terminated from the friend in need will simply fuse 17 for every centum O. Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation or Pocket Mask Ventilation A reasonable, fictile, shaped facemask like that utilized in sedation might be utilized to flexibly oral depression to camouflage airing. A unidirectional valve redirects the patient # 8217 ; s lapsed air off from the friend in need and traps any perceptible iotas rising up out of the patient. This valve improves the feel and lessens danger of cross contamination. The oral pit to camouflage strategy is a two given method which delivers a superior seal than that acquired during single-individual sack valve-veil airing. Similarly as with mouth-to-mouth airing it is conceivable to deliver high flowing volumes, high air entry power per unit zones and increment the risk of stomachic rising costs. The extra of a port for the removal of helper O builds the awesome O focus. A combination of pocket veils are accessible. A portion of these covers are discarded after the primary use while others might be utilized commonly. Most are nearly nothing and reduced bounty to suit in a pocket and might be conveyed with the paramedic. The pocket cover permits an O stream pace of 10 liters for each moment. This rate joined with mouth-to-mouth outside breath of the rescuer yields a heavenly O pace of around 50 for every centum. This is an essentially higher O fixation degree than conveyed through the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose technique. Modest assurance gadgets produced using a bit of plastic film with a valvular opening to cover the oral hole and nose will gracefully insurance and chop down tasteful worries of direct contact with quiet? s vomit, spit, mucus or blood. The main drawback is that the film gadget requires moving for each grouping of breaths. In the network the spectator is probably going to be a similar, companion or associate of the person in question and resuscitative endeavors ought to non be discouraged by the unavailability of a defensive gadget, as the peril is pretty much nothing. Sack Valve Ventilation Oneself blowing up pack can be associated with either a facemask, a tracheal tubing, a laryngeal veil, or a Combitube. The pack comprises of an oval, self-blowing up silicone or elastic sack ; two single direction valves, and a crystalline facemask. They are accessible in sizes for darlings, children and adults. The pack valve gadget permits room air or O to be conveyed to the patient. At the point when utilized on its ain the pack valve-cover will let airing of the patient with surrounding air ( 21 % O ) . This can be expanded to around 50 % by joining an O gracefully at 5-6 Lmin-1 directly to the sack close to the air break valve. Regularly, by and by, a repository pack ought to be joined, which with O streams of 8-10 Lmin-1, will gracefully divine O convergences of 90 % . Certain perfect norms have been set down for sack valve-veil gadgets utilized in revival The requests suggested include: The pack stuff ought to be crystalline and pass on an acceptable # 8220 ; experience # 8221 ; . It ought to non ingest sedative or harmful gases and ought to have adequate kick to pull in gases from a supply or a draw over sedation circuit. Both break and trade foundation valves ought to be of vigorous structure, skilled to hinder rebreathing or releases, unequipped for breakdown or sticking with a new gas stream ( of O ) up to 15L/min. The valves ought to be anything but difficult to dismantle, clean and reassemble ( aside from in expendable hypothetical records ) ; wrong refabrication should be unthinkable. The break valve ought to be fit for being fitted with a channel ( to aside from harmful gases ) and an O repository sack. The patient valve should hold standard ISO 15/22 millimeter changes. The patient valve ought to incorporate, or be fit for being fitted with, a PEEP valve. The pack ought to be equipped for introducing a flowing volume of up to 1500 milliliter in the adult form and airing paces of up to 45/min in the pediatric adaptation. Newborn child, pediatric and huge renditions of the gadget ought to be accessible. The gadget should work sufficiently during all normal natural conditions and temperature boundaries. At the point when utilized by one individual, an impressive evaluation of achievement is required to keep a patent air entry and impermeable seal with one manus, while crushing the sack with the other. This is just prone to be accomplished by individual who normally utilizes a pack valve-cover gadget. Exorbitantly much air hole will follow in hypoventilation, while unreasonable flowing volumes may result in stomachic insufflation and expanded risk of spewing forth. On the off chance that airing needs to go on with a pack valve-veil, the two-man method is favored ; one individual holds the facemask in topographic point using the two guardianships and a partner presses the sack. As such a superior seal is accomplished, the jaw push move is all the more simple kept up and the patient # 8217 ; s lungs can be ventilated all the more strongly. Request Valve Device The interest valve gadget is other than regularly alluded to as the # 8220 ; physically activated O controlled take a breathing gadget. # 8221 ; This gadget will ship 100 for every centum O to a patient at its maximal stream rate ( 40L every moment ) . This framework comprises of a hard-hitting tubing, which interfaces with an O flexibly. A press switch or catch simple enacts the valve doing it to open and in this manner, giving O to the patient. Programmed Ventilators Because of innovative progresss, conservative mechanical ventilators are presently accessible for pre-clinic utilization. Mechanical ventilators give a figure of favorable circumstances over different sorts of ventilatory help examined previously. Mechanical airing is lightweight and smaller which makes it advantageous and extremely simple to use while moving the patient to the hospital. Second, they are an advancement over the pack valve gadget in keeping minute volume. The mechanical airing framework is other than ready to process most extreme temperatures. Temperatures runing from 30 evaluations Fahrenheit to 125 evaluations Fahrenheit. Another favorable position of mechanical airing is that most frameworks are commonly furnished with both a customizable ventilatory rate and flowing volume. This will let the machine to outline, coming back to order mechanical airing in patients who are non take a relaxing. Some are fuse a # 8220 ; fly off # 8221 ; valve that forestalls pressure-related damages. A # 8220 ; fly off # 8221 ; valve can end up being harming in condition of affairss where the patient is suffering from a pneumonic wound, bronchospasm, cardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, adult respiratory misery disorder or disturbs in which high degrees of power per unit territory noticeable all around section must be conquered. In closing, there are a few solid techniques for offering respiratory help to patients. In spite of the fact that, the mechanical ventilator has numerous focal points as referenced before, the pack valve strategy demonstrates to hold the biggest total of favorable circumstances. Be that as it may, it ought to be noticed that the pack valve method has other than demonstrated to be easily proven wrong when attempting to offer respiratory help to nonintubated patients.

Commentary on the World Bank †Government (300 Level Course)

Analysis on the World Bank †Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Analysis on the World Bank Government (300 Level Course) Analysis on the IMF: As indicated by the Meltzer Report As the Meltzer Report was discharged, the world kept on turning, and with these proceeding with upheavals new issues emerged. Issues that will ideally be managed all the more properly on account of crafted by the Congressional Commission doled out to concoct new and better ways for the money related foundations of the world to comprehend them. Ostensibly the two most significant players in this field are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In the accompanying editorial both will be tended to in various manners. Their accounts and purposes will be quickly tended to. Their primary objectives will be introduced. The influence that they have had in the past will be brought into play. In conclusion, the eventual fate of these two establishments will be mulled over. Utilizing this wide cluster of data it will be chosen here if in certainty these establishments are filling any genuine need and if their future presence is either required or if nothing else beneficial. The World Bank: The World Bank was built up post World War II with an end goal to assault issues of national rates and their potential obsessions while simultaneously endeavoring to carry some soundness to the post war worldwide markets. Prowling just underneath the surface was the way that the World Bank, which was to a great extent heavily influenced by Westerners with Western feelings, was likewise assuming on the liability of reconstructing Europe. Subsequently almost the entirety of the advances allowed in the years promptly following the war were to reproduce European national economies that had been wrecked during the war. Moderately scarcely any advances were given to creating nations. The World Bank would come to be known as an European controlled substance. Along these lines assisting with addressing the subject of why these European nations are supported on their feet right away. This may likewise be ascribed to the way that the World Bank highlights weighted democratic in which the more rich nations get the bigger measure of votes. At that point the nations that are in truth evolved and very rich will have to a greater degree a state in what the bank will do. In this manner the World Bank will eventually support the rich over poor people. The central station of the World Bank highlight a huge sign that peruses: â€Å"Our dream is a world without poverty.† The Meltzer Commission has said that it partakes in this view. Tragically the World Bank and its sister improvement banks are not advancing toward managing this issue and redressing any of the issues that help keep the most unfortunate nations at the base of the financial range. However the Meltzer Commission, while concurring in principle to the World Bank additionally concurs in doing close to nothing to be the one to step up to the front line with an answer. The Meltzer Report proceeds to express that the World Bank employ’s more than 17,000 individuals in 170 workplaces around the globe and have gotten $500 billion dollars in capital and expand some $50 billion in advances to creating nations. Still the World Bank is a long way from remaining consistent with its promise in the way that in spite of they guarantee to be in presence to assist the poor countries of the world, some 70% of the World Bank non-help assets stream to 11 nations that appreciate simple access to the capital markets. The World Bank came to fruition to serve an all inclusive perspective on the future as depicted at Bretton Woods in 1944; to keep up the gold-based norm, capital controls, exchange obstructions previous settlements and less-created economies. While these were the first thoughts of the bank, as times changed and emergency emerged new advances must be taken. Simultaneously the fundamental objective of the World Bank was ostensibly ignored. In the previous seven years, the World Bank gave $18 billion to creating nations. However in a similar seven years, the private division has given $1,450 billion to a similar creating nations. In the event that the World Bank should effectively end world neediness, and this is their primary objective, what on the planet would they say they are taking a gander at? The insights were accessible to show the Meltzer Commission how little the World Bank has contributed in contrast with others. Do the pioneers of the World Bank not approach similar informat ion or are they basically too naã ¯ve to see that they are not filling the need for which they were planned at their commencement. Besides, in the event that they are not serving the poor nations of the world and helping them to increase a balance in the financial world just precisely what's going on with they? The World Bank has subsequently been pushed into the current day attempting to discover a personality for itself in the worldwide monetary structure. It has become obvious that the World Bank is certainly not a key player as it had been proposed to be. Rather it is progressively reasonable for the bank to impart obligation to different associations, for example, the UN and the IMF. In doing so the World Bank has been compelled to make new thoughts and plans for activity. Remembered for them is the advancing of cash to places where there is a decent possibility that the bank recovers its cash. These are sheltered credits for the World Bank to take on, as they will ideally be two-crease in their goal. First they will permit the bank to stay away from persistently obligation with suspension or in any event, defaulting of advances, and they will likewise force vital assents against obtaining nations so as to get the advances by any stretch of the imagination. It is the expectation of all gatherings that this last advance will in the end lead to the eradication of poor performing economies and maybe even the â€Å"third world status.† However today the status of the World Bank is as yet indistinct. They state that exhibition is the main worry of the World Bank and the Meltzer Commission. In any case, their presentation has been poor and even as the Commission remarks on this, they offer no arrangement but to state that closure or lessening neediness isn't simple. So as the Commission rushes to call attention to these deficiencies and back them with extreme information, they stop there. The report discloses to us that the World Bank considers the title of â€Å"marginally satisfactory† as an accomplishment in arrangement. Utilizing these measures, which are unstable, best case scenario, the World Bank has had a disappointment pace of 59% from 1990-1999. Also, in the staying 41% of cases, thought about victories, most by far were packed in upper-pay nations that have local assets and access to private-part subsidizing. All in all, the World Bank has a significant job in lessening neediness and advancing development, in spite of the way that today their assets are a little piece of the worldwide capital stream. The utilization of increasingly viable assets can raise the commitment of the Bank essentially. So what does the Meltzer Commission need to state accordingly? They state that this will possibly occur if the Banks increase a superior comprehension of their near bit of leeway, where and how they can most successfully utilize their constrained assets. So obviously the Meltzer report has arrived at a similar resolution, yet in searching for counsel that the Commission needs to give, the peruser discovers pretty much nothing. The Commission says that the Bank can improve their exhibition by posing themselves three inquiries: Will the private area play out this capacity, Will the neighborhood open segment play out this capacity, and will the Bank give assets not in any case accessible? Does the Commission offer any responses to these questions? No they don't, they state one thing in an incredible, edified snapshot of political ability. The World Bank ought not keep on dedicating a large portion of its finding to activities of this sort. This does little for anybody worried about the predicament of the nations that need the help of any global bank or association. While the World Bank clearly has various issues, the Meltzer Commission does minimal something other than bring up them. They give no solid answers and they leave the eventua l fate of the Bank not yet decided, exactly where it shouldn't be. The International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund, otherwise called the IMF was made at around a similar time as the World Bank. It was proposed to forestall a reoccurrence of money related and monetary precariousness. It is viewed as the â€Å"American† sister to the World Bank in light of the fact that as the World Bank is to a great extent constrained by European nations the IMF is for the most part ran under the heading of the United States. After some time numerous pundits of the IMF will contend that the strings of the association are pulled by the American government and furthermore that the IMF will get equivalent with Washington D.C. While the IMF was set up with comparable goals as those of the World Bank, in helping the universal markets to maintain a strategic distance from breakdown and to furnish economies with by and large strength the IMF varies somewhat. One of the primary objectives of the IMF was to make â€Å"fixed however movable rates.† These rates were to be  "pegged,† which means set to a specific unit of estimation. This unit was to be the American dollar. The â€Å"peg† turned into the transformation of all part nations monetary standards to inside 1% of the American dollar. The rate got customizable if and just on the off chance that it got impractical or if a financial emergency were to emerge. These are only a couple of the objectives that were as a top priority of the early pioneers of the IMF in 1944. In any case, in the last 50 years, the world has changed so drastically that the IMF has needed to manage new difficulties and ask itself what reason it fills in as the 21st century day breaks. The IMF was set up with two presumptions, the two of which are no long legitimate. The fixed however flexible rates finished in August of 1971 when President Richard Nixon shut the gold window, finishing the U.S.’s responsibility to keep the dollar cost of gold at $35 per ounc

For the Admitted Students

For the Admitted Students First of all, Welcome to the MIT Family! (click to see full version!) 3. Go on Facebook. Now. Join this group. Go Facebook official with MIT! ;) 14. Sometime soon, Matt will post a blog about Admission statistics. Its always interesting to see how you fared (especially since this year was AGAIN the most competitive class ever well, no surprises there!). 15. Sometime soon (on Tuesday), The Tech will publish an article about admissions this year, and its always an interesting read. (theres already an article about it theyll probably keep updating it?) 92. Keep your eyes peeled on the myMIT portal. Sign the guestbook to introduce yourself to your peers if you havent already, and keep watching for things since the portal gets updated for new information (if it havent already!). Eventually, the portal will include all kinds of cool things like CPW Registration, meetings with local MIT alums to congratulate you on your acceptance, Overnight Visit form, and of course, your MIT Reply Form. 653. Plan what to do with the Official Copy of the Admissions Letter that will be coming soon to a postbox near you. :) 5,897. Let any of us know if you have any questions about MIT at anytime! Were always here to help. =p 9,323. Stay by your phone (yeah, the one you put down on your application) beginning at 6 PM (local time) TODAY, the 16th, and you might receive a very mysterious phone call. 84,626. Check. it. out! boo-yah! 433,832. Say no. You can do it! ;) 795,028. Let your teachers (especially those who wrote your recommendation letters) know about the good news! They were part of your epic journey, and Im sure theyll be very happy to hear news from you. :D 841,971. Take some time away from fretting (especially since youve been doing it since January 1 =p) and just take it easy for awhile. Spend some time with your parents, go out to a movie with your friends, and relax! Take the time also to enjoy your senior year classmates. Just like High School Musical 3, youll all be graduating sooner than you think. 6,939,937. GET PUMPED for Campus Preview Weekend! (CPW) So I never got to come to CPW when I got in, but after going through the my last CPW (which is also my first, along with the 12s), I can tell you that its a crazy experience that you dont want to miss if you can. :D Since its basically just a month now, get your plane tickets early if you want to come! Also, if your parents are coming along make sure to get hotel reservations (MIT has discounts with Marriott youll probably get more information about this in the package with your official admission certificate that you will get soon in the mail =p) If you dont believe me on the awesomeness that is CPW, just read any of this! woo! Its been a long journey, eh? :) Again, congratulations! A Japanese radio station once conducted a survey on what songs describe the joy of getting an acceptance letter. This was number one on the survey. I found an English-subbed version, so have fun! =p 前を向け! (face forward!)

Descriptive Essay Nice Touch And Your Blood...

â€Å"Nice touch,† William said to the empty office. William pressed the mute button on the television remote and logged-in to the Movement’s secure internet browser. He placed his thumb on the biometric scanner, and leaned forward, allowing the built-in camera to run a facial recognition and retinal scan. The face of a pretty, blond woman in her early twenties appeared on William’s monitor. â€Å"Good afternoon, Mr. Blake. I’m Amanda, concierge 4015. How do you fare?† â€Å"Hale and hearty, hearty and hale,† William said. â€Å"Your blood pressure is one-ten over sixty, and pulse is fifty-six beats per minute. All vitals and biometric indicators are in the superior range. You are hale and hearty indeed, Mr. Blake. How may I assist you?† â€Å"Messages?† â€Å"You have three email messages. The messages are from Mr. Whitkin, Mr. Francois, and Ms. Amato.† Whitkin, Francois and Amato were Movement whips from Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut. As whips, they were responsible for reviewing vote counts. Normally, they would count the votes of elected representatives in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island statehouses. With the state constitutional conventions on the horizon, William directed the whips to count the votes of the delegates who town and city councils across the region had nominated for the state constitutional conventions. Many of the delegates were less well known to the Movement officials, so it took a considerable amount of time and effort for the whips to vet each of theShow MoreRelatedFor Against by L.G. 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What Is the Broken Windows Theory

The broken windows theory states that visible signs of crime in urban areas lead to further crime. The theory is often associated with the 2000 case of Illinois v. Wardlow, in which the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that the police, based on the legal doctrine of probable cause, have the authority to detain and physically search, or â€Å"stop-and-frisk,† people in crime-prone neighborhoods who appear to be behaving suspiciously. Key Takeaways: Broken Windows Theory The broken windows theory of criminology holds that visible signs of crime in densely-populated, lower-income urban areas will encourage additional criminal activity.Broken windows neighborhood policing tactics employ heightened enforcement of relatively minor â€Å"quality of life† crimes like loitering, public drinking, and graffiti.The theory has been criticized for encouraging discriminatory police practices, such as unequal enforcement based on racial profiling. Broken Windows Theory Definition In the field of criminology, the broken windows theory holds that lingering visible evidence of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil unrest in densely populated urban areas suggests a lack of active local law enforcement and encourages people to commit further, even more serious crimes. The theory was first suggested in 1982 by social scientist, George L. Kelling in his article, â€Å"Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety† published in The Atlantic. Kelling explained the theory as follows: â€Å"Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if its unoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside. â€Å"Or consider a pavement. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of refuse from take-out restaurants there or even break into cars.† Kelling based his theory on the results of an experiment conducted by Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo in 1969. In his experiment, Zimbardo parked an apparently disabled and abandoned car in a low-income area of the Bronx, New York City, and a similar car in an affluent Palo Alto, California neighborhood. Within 24 hours, everything of value had been stolen from the car in the Bronx. Within a few days, vandals had smashed the car’s windows and ripped out the upholstery. At the same time, the car abandoned in Palo Alto remained untouched for over a week, until Zimbardo himself smashed it with a sledgehammer. Soon, other people Zimbardo described as mostly well dressed, â€Å"clean-cut† Caucasians joined in the vandalism. Zimbardo concluded that in high-crime areas like the Bronx, where such abandoned property is commonplace, vandalism and theft occur far faster as the community takes such acts for granted. However, similar crimes can occur in any community when the people’s mutual regard for proper civil behavior is lowered by actions that suggest a general lack of concern. Kelling concluded that by selectively targeting minor crimes like vandalism, public intoxication, and loitering, police can establish an atmosphere of civil order and lawfulness, thus helping to prevent more serious crimes. Broken Windows Policing In1993, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and police commissioner William Bratton cited Kelling and his broken windows theory as a basis for implementing a new â€Å"tough-stance† policy aggressively addressing relatively minor crimes seen as negatively affecting the quality of life in the inner-city. Stop and Frisk March - Tens of thousands of New Yorkers participated in a silent march to protest NYPD racial profiling, including the Stop and Frisk program which dissproportionally tarkets young men of color as well as the spying on Muslims as was recently reveiled in news reports. Sunday, June 17, 2012. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Bratton directed NYPD to step up enforcement of laws against crimes like public drinking, public urination, and graffiti. He also cracked down on so-called â€Å"squeegee men,† vagrants who aggressively demand payment at traffic stops for unsolicited car window washings. Reviving a Prohibition-era city ban on dancing in unlicensed establishments, police controversially shuttered many of the city’s night clubs with records of public disturbances. While studies of New York’s crime statistics conducted between 2001 and 2017 suggested that enforcement policies based on the broken windows theory were effective in reducing rates of both minor and serious crimes, other factors may have also contributed to the result. For example, New York’s crime decrease may have simply been part of a nationwide trend that saw other major cities with different policing practices experience similar decreases over the period. In addition, New York City’s 39% drop in the unemployment rate could have contributed to the reduction in crime. In 2005, police in the Boston suburb of Lowell, Massachusetts, identified 34 â€Å"crime hot spots† fitting the broken windows theory profile. In 17 of the spots, police made more misdemeanor arrests, while other city authorities cleared trash, fixed streetlights, and enforced building codes. In the other 17 spots, no changes in routine procedures were made. While the areas given special attention saw a 20% reduction in police calls, a study of the experiment concluded that simply cleaning up the physical environment had been more effective than an increase in misdemeanor arrests. Today, however, five major U.S. cities—New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Boston, and Denver—all acknowledge employing at least some neighborhood policing tactics based on Kelling’s broken windows theory. In all of these cities, police stress aggressive enforcement of minor misdemeanor laws. Critics Despite its popularity in major cities, police policy based on the broken windows theory is not without its critics, who question both its effectiveness and fairness of application. Demonstraters storm the Macys on 34th Street protesting the Staten Island, New York grand jurys decision not to indict a police officer involved in the chokehold death of Eric Garner in July on December 5, 2014 in New York City. The grand jury declined to indict New York City Police Officer Daniel Pantaleo in Garners death. Andrew Burton / Getty Images In 2005, University of Chicago Law School professor Bernard Harcourt published a study finding no evidence that broken windows policing actually reduces crime. â€Å"We don’t deny that the ‘broken windows’ idea seems compelling,† wrote Harcourt. â€Å"The problem is that it doesn’t seem to work as claimed in practice.† Specifically, Harcourt contended that crime data from New York City’s 1990s application of broken windows policing had been misinterpreted. Though the NYPD had realized greatly reduced crime rates in the broken windows enforcement areas, the same areas had also been the areas worst affected by the crack-cocaine epidemic that caused citywide homicide rates to soar. â€Å"Everywhere crime skyrocketed as a result of crack, there were eventual declines once the crack epidemic ebbed,† Harcourt note. â€Å"This is true for police precincts in New York and for cities across the country.† In short, Harcourt contended that New York’s declines in crime during the 1990s were both predictable and would have happened with or without broken windows policing. Harcourt concluded that for most cities, the costs of broken windows policing outweigh the benefits. â€Å"In our opinion, focusing on minor misdemeanors is a diversion of valuable police funding and time from what really seems to help—targeted police patrols against violence, gang activity and gun crimes in the highest-crime ‘hot spots.’† Broken windows policing has also been criticized for its potential to encourage unequal, potentially discriminatory enforcement practices such as racial profiling, too often with disastrous results. Arising from objections to practices like â€Å"Stop-and-Frisk,† critics point to the case of Eric Garner, an unarmed black man killed by a New York City police officer in 2014. After observing Garner standing on a street corner in a high-crime area of Staten Island, police suspected him of selling â€Å"loosies,† untaxed cigarettes. When, according to the police report, Garner resisted arrest, an officer took him to the ground in a chock hold. An hour later, Garner died in the hospital of what the coroner determined to be homicide resulting from, â€Å"Compression of neck, compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police.† After a grand jury failed to indict the officer involved, anti-police protests broke out in several cities. Since then, and due to the deaths of other unarmed black men accused of minor crimes predominantly by white police officers, more sociologists and criminologists have questioned the effects of broken windows theory policing. Critics argue that it is racially discriminatory, as police statistically tend to view, and thus, target, non-whites as suspects in low-income, high-crime areas. According to Paul Larkin, Senior Legal Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, established historic evidence shows that persons of color are more likely than whites to be detained, questioned, searched, and arrested by police. Larkin suggests that this happens more often in areas chosen for broken windows-based policing due to a combination of: the individual’s race, police officers being tempted to stop minority suspects because they statistically appear to commit more crimes, and the tacit approval of those practices by police officials. Sources and Further Reference Wilson, James Q; Kelling, George L (Mar 1982), â€Å"Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety.† The Atlantic.Harcourt, Bernard E. â€Å"Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City a Five-City Social Experiment.† University of Chicago Law Review (June 2005).Fagan, Jeffrey and Davies, Garth. â€Å"Street Stops and Broken Windows.† Fordham Urban Law Journal (2000).Taibbi, Matt. â€Å"The Lessons of the Eric Garner Case.† Rolling Stone (November 2018).Herbert, Steve; Brown, Elizabeth (September 2006). â€Å"Conceptions of Space and Crime in the Punitive Neoliberal City.† Antipode.Larkin, Paul. â€Å"Flight, Race, and Terry Stops: Commonwealth v.Warren.† The Heritage Foundation.

The Extinction of Penguins Free Essays

Emperor Penguins have been around for millions of years. Although they are a type of bird they can not fly. They walk, slide on their stomachs, or swim. We will write a custom essay sample on The Extinction of Penguins or any similar topic only for you Order Now They can swim up to nine kilometers an hour. That is faster than an average person can run. Emperor Penguins can hold their breath over twenty minutes and dive over eighteen hundred feet. Another interesting fact about them is that they show no aggression towards humans. The real question is though whether or not Emperor Penguins are on their way to extinction? Some of the reasons why we may think this would be climate change, depletion in food supply, pollution, tagging, and their predators. Climate change is the reason for the Emperor Penguin population to decline by fifty percent over the past fifty years. Penguins use the ice to escape from predators, and to raise their chicks. A temperature increase of 2. 1 degrees Celsius will jeopardize forty percent of the world’s Emperor Penguins. When the ice melts before the chicks have matured and grown their waterproof feathers, chicks that are swept into the ocean are likely to die. If the ice isn’t sturdy enough to last until when the chicks are ready to head out to sea, they aren’t going to be able to raise them. The loss of sea ice for adult penguins can lead to lower food availability, which can result in increased mortality. In Antarctica an Emperor colony has declined from 250 pairs to 10 pairs since 1960, due to rapid loss of the sea ice. Since global climate change has been causing the rapid melting of sea ice, the amount of krill in the southern oceans has decreased in recent years. Krill in which many penguins feed upon, survive by feeding off the algae which forms on the underside of the sea ice. So the reduction in sea-ice which has resulted from climate change has meant there has been much less food for penguins to eat. If this continues to happen the Emperor Penguin population is going to keep on declining. Over fishing of krill, and fish is another factor in helping penguins become extinct. It is putting pressure on food chains and food availability for penguins. Industrial fisheries deplete the penguins’ food supply and entangle and drown the penguins in longlines and other destructive fishing gear. The more fish and krill being caught by humans the less food there is for penguins to be able to eat. Ocean acidification which is caused by the absorption of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the oceans is also harming penguins. Plankton is a major part of the food chain for many fish on which penguins feed. As gases are absorbed into the oceans, they become less hospitable places for plankton and other organisms to live which is less food penguins have to eat. Oil pollution kills tens of thousands of penguins annually. The oil destroys the natural water repellent on their feathers, causing the birds to become vulnerable to hypothermia. Penguins also consume the oil while trying to groom, poisoning them and causing internal organ damage. The oil also kills the penguins’ food and poisons the penguins when trying to eat contaminated fish. The banding of penguins is another issue contributing to the declining population of penguins. The first evidence that flipper bands might be causing damage to penguins came in the 1970s. Zoos reported that the bands would wound penguins’ flippers, especially during the yearly molt, when flippers enlarge. Over a ten year period, banded penguins produced thirty-nine percent fewer chicks and had a sixteen percent lower survival rate than unbanded birds. Banded penguins also had less time and energy to reproduce and care for their young because they spent more time searching for food and provisions and arrived more than two weeks late to breeding areas. The penguins wearing bands expend twenty-four percent more energy while swimming and attract the attention of predators. Rory Wilson, an ecologist at Swansea University said the extra baggage likely increased the drag penguins experienced and impaired their athletic ability. How to cite The Extinction of Penguins, Essay examples

Progressivism Essays - Theodore Roosevelt, , Term Papers

Progressivism Movements I. The Origins of Progressivism A. A Spirit of Reform in the late 1800's 1. Henry George believed that poverty could be eliminated by using land productively by everyone. Also taxing the nonproductive more than the productive. 2. Edward Bellamy believed that the government should create a trust to take care of the needs of the people rather than profit. 3. Many groups wanted change for the majority of people such as the socialist, the union members and members of municipal or city government levels. 4. Municipal reforms in the late 1800's and early 1900's that gave cities limited self-rule rather than state rule are known as Home Rule. B. Progressivism Takes Hold 1. Progressivism aspects of reform from many programs and other movements. 2. Because they were afraid of losing their high standard of living, progressives' were afraid of revolution. 3. Progressives believed that the government should play a bigger role in regulating transportation and utilities. 4. Develop better social welfare programs. 5. The suffrage movement became a big issue among women. 6. Child labor laws as well as many other things were brought about by government regulations. C. Progressive Methods 1. Journalist also helped create support by alerting the public to wrong doing or muckrakers. 2. Investigating the issue then publicizing the results putting pressure on legislators to take action is known as Systematic manner. D. Florence Kelley 1. Kelley was recommended for investigating the labor conditions around Chicago. 2. Kelley earned a law degree so that she could prosecute violators of child labor laws as well as regulations in sweatshops. 3. Kelley believed in municipal reforms after a political favor placed another inspector in her place. 4. 1899 National Consumers League was organized (NCL) II. Progressivism: Its Legislative Impacts A. Urban Reform 1. Reform began mostly at the city level 2. Some machine politicians worked with reformers to improve voter registration, city services, established health programs and enforced tenant codes. 3. By 1915 two out of three cities owned utilities. 4. Welfare services were put into effect. 5. Hazen Pingree put in parks, baths, and put into effect a work-relief program. B. Reforms at the State Level 1. Progressive governors also got involved with the movement. 2. LaFollette brought about a direct primary in which voters elect nominees for upcoming elections. 3. Employers and employees negotiating differences as well as workers accident insurance became major reforms in the work place. 4. The Supreme Court said that it was illegal to set maximum hours for workers because it violated the individuals right to make a contract with the employer - 1905 Lochner vs. New York. 5. The Supreme Court upheld a decision that limited women's work hours to 10 hours per day - 1905 Muller vs. Oregon. 6. The National Child Labor Committee convinced about 30 states to abolish Child Labor by 1907 . 7. In 1912 minimum wage for women and children was put into effect in Massachusetts. 8. Women were replaced with men because they would work longer for less wages 9. Women's push for voting rights was stifled by the belief that females are physically weaker. D. Reforms at the Federal Level 1. The United Mine Workers called a strike lasting until Teddy Roosevelt insisted that both sides submit to arbitration - May, 1902. 2. A process in which an impartial third party decides on a legally binding solution is known as arbitration. 3. Teddy Roosevelt threatened to use the army to take over the mines if the owners didn't accept the agreement. 4. "Square Deal" reduced miner's hours from 10 to 9 and gave the miners a 10% raise while not officially recognizing the minor's union. 5. The Hepburn Act authorized the IEC to limit rates if the shippers complained them unfair - 1906. 6. The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats - 1906. 7. Holding companies are corporations that hold the stocks and bonds of numerous companies thus achieving a monopoly. 8. John Muir and John Wesley Powell urged congress, in 1872, to establish Yellow Stone as the United States first national park. 9. Yosemite in California became a national park in 1890. 10. A National Reclamation Act (1902) aimed at planning and developing irrigation projects aroused controversy between city residents and farmers over use or water. 11. 1912 the United States government set up a Children's Bureau within the Department of Labor. 12. Women's Bureau was also established in 1920. 13. Mary Anderson and Julia